The utilization of accelerators in subcritical systems for energy generation and nuclear waste transmutation: the world status and a proposal of a national R&amp;D program

Maiorino, José Rubens; Santos, Adimir dos; Pereira, S. Anefalos

doi:10.1590/s0103-97332003000200018

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 1 publication

(1 reference statement)

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“…This can only be accomplished using higher electron density plasma which can be generated at higher magnetic fields (higher than the electron cyclotron resonance value) and at higher gas pressures. [1][2][3] Microwave ion sources operating at 2.45 GHz in the "off-resonance" mode are being utilized for various applications in many laboratories, viz., for industrial applications, 4 high current ion implanters, 4 ion beam deposition, 5 accelerator driven subcritical systems, 6 etc. The ion source that revolutionized and formed the backbone for all future design of these kind of ion sources was built by Taylor and Mouris.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the effect of the axial magnetic field on the x-ray bremsstrahlung in a 2.45 GHz permanent magnet microwave ion source

Kumar

Rodrigues

Lakshmy

et al. 2014

Review of Scientific Instruments

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A compact microwave ion source has been designed and developed for operation at a frequency of 2.45 GHz. The axial magnetic field is based on two permanent magnet rings, operating in the "off-resonance" mode and is tunable by moving the permanent magnets. In order to understand the electron energy distribution function, x-ray bremsstrahlung has been measured in the axial direction. Simulation studies on the x-ray bremsstrahlung have been carried out to compare with the experimental results. The effect of the axial magnetic field with respect to the microwave launching position and the position of the extraction electrode on the x-ray bremsstrahlung have been studied.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the effect of the axial magnetic field on the x-ray bremsstrahlung in a 2.45 GHz permanent magnet microwave ion source

Kumar

Rodrigues

Lakshmy

et al. 2014

Review of Scientific Instruments

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“…Different geometric designs of LBE-based ADSS are presently under consideration all over the world. The current status in the development of ADSS is presented by Maiorino et al [2]. However, each of these models warrants a thorough investigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A numerical study of the target system of an ADSS with different flow guides

2007

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The mechanical design of the target module of an accelerator driven subcritical nuclear reactor system (ADSS) calls for an analysis of the related thermal-hydraulic issues because of large amount of heat deposition in the spallation region during the course of nuclear interactions with the molten lead bismuth eutectic (LBE) target. The LBE also should carry the entire heat generated as a consequence of the spallation reaction. The problem of heat removal by the LBE is a challenging thermal-hydraulic issue. For this, one has to examine the flows of low Prandtl number fluids (LBE) in a complex ADSS geometry. In this study, the equations governing the laminar flow and thermal energy are solved numerically using the streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG) finite element (FE) method. The target systems with a straight and a nozzle guide have been considered. The principal purpose of the analysis is to trace the flow and temperature distribution and thereby to check the suitability of the flow guide in avoiding the recirculation or stagnation zones in the flow space that may lead to hot spots.

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“…Different geometric designs of LBE based target system are under consideration across the world. Investigations concerning the development of ADSS have been summarized by Maiorino et al (2002). Each of these models need a thorough investigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical simulation of the target system of an ADSS

Prakash

Biswas

Kumar

2006

International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics

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The study of thermal-hydraulic issues related to target module of an accelerator driven sub-critical nuclear reactor system (ADSS) play a crucial role in its design. For this, one needs to analyze laminar/turbulent flow and heat transfer characteristics of lead bismuth eutectic (LBE), target cum coolant liquid, at low Prandtl number in the target system of an ADSS. In this work, equations governing conservation of mass, momentum and energy together with equations for kinetic energy and its dissipation rate are solved numerically using streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG)-finite element (FE) method in a two-dimensional axisymmetric ADSS target system. The transfer of kinetic energy and its dissipation rate are modeled using standard k 2 e equations with the wall function approach. The complex target module comprises a 1808 turn-around flow along a straight flow guide and a window interfacing the proton beam interaction with LBE. The principal purpose of the analysis is to trace the flow structure in the domain and the temperature distribution on the window. Increasing flow rate to turbulent regime is seen to minimize the number of re-circulation or stagnation zones that may lead to the development of hot spots in the flow domain. Nomenclature English SymbolsV 0 mean inlet velocity D inlet hydraulic diameter k n dimensionless turbulent kinetic energy ð¼ k=V 2 0 Þ p dimensionless pressure ð¼ p=rV 2 0 Þ u; v dimensionless velocity components in x and y directions ð¼ u=V 0 ; v=V 0 Þ x; y dimensionless cylindrical coordinate along radial and axial direction ð¼ x=D; y=DÞGreek Symbols e n dimensionless dissipation rate ð¼ e=ðV 3 0 =DÞÞ u dimensionless temperature ð¼ ðT 2 T 1 Þ= ðT w 2 T 1 ÞÞ n t;n dimensionless turbulent kinematic viscosity ðn t =nÞ a t;n dimensionless thermal diffusivity ða t =aÞ t dimensionless time ½t=ðD=V o Þ; t ¼ dimensional time s k coefficients in two ðk 2 eÞ equation turbulence model s e coefficients in two ðk 2 eÞ equation turbulence model s t coefficients in wall treatment for energy equation Subscripts 1 inflow condition Superscripts j index for axisymmetry ( ¼ 0 for planar and 1 for axisymmetric)

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The utilization of accelerators in subcritical systems for energy generation and nuclear waste transmutation: the world status and a proposal of a national R&D program

Cited by 17 publications

References 1 publication

Studies on the effect of the axial magnetic field on the x-ray bremsstrahlung in a 2.45 GHz permanent magnet microwave ion source

Studies on the effect of the axial magnetic field on the x-ray bremsstrahlung in a 2.45 GHz permanent magnet microwave ion source

A numerical study of the target system of an ADSS with different flow guides

Numerical simulation of the target system of an ADSS

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