Global plant hardiness zones for phytosanitary risk analysis

Magarey, Roger D.; Borchert, Daniel M.; Schlegel, Jay W.

doi:10.1590/s0103-90162008000700009

Cited by 41 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…Anas et al (2008) have shown the effect of warming temperature on disease severity, and mapped areas at risk of Pierce's disease by using the number of winter days with temperatures below -12.2 °C or -9.4 °C. These parameters have also been used for creating a NAPPFAST map for X. fastidiosa in the USA (Engle and Magarey, 2008).…”

Section: Climatic Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on the risks to plant health posed byXylella fastidiosain the EU territory, with the identification and evaluation of risk reduction options

2015

EFSA Journal

138

112

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European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy ABSTRACTThe EFSA Panel on Plant Health conducted a pest risk assessment and an evaluation of risk reduction options for Xylella fastidiosa. X. fastidiosa has been detected in olive in the EU with a distribution restricted to the region of Apulia in Italy and is under official control. X. fastidiosa has a very broad host range, including many common cultivated and wild plants. All xylem fluid-feeding insects in Europe are considered to be potential vectors.Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae), a polyphagous spittlebug widespread in the whole risk assessment area, has been identified as a vector in Apulia. The probability of entry of X. fastidiosa from countries where X. fastidiosa is reported is very high with plants for planting and moderate with infectious insect vectors carried with plant commodities or travelling as stowaways. Establishment and spread in the EU is very likely. The consequences are considered to be major because yield losses and other damage would be high and require costly control measures. The systematic use of insecticides for vector control may create environmental impacts. With regard to risk reduction options, strategies for the prevention of introduction and for the containment of outbreaks should focus on the two main pathways (plants for planting and infectious insect vectors) and combine the most effective options in an integrated approach. For plants for planting, these could be pest-free production areas, surveillance, certification, screened greenhouse production, vector control and testing for infection and, for some plant species, treatments (e.g. thermotherapy). To prevent entry of the infectious vectors, insecticide treatments and inspection of consignments and production sites are required. SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the pest risk posed by Xylella fastidiosa for the European Union territory and to identify risk management options and evaluate their effectiveness in reducing the risk to plant health posed by the organism. In particular, the Panel was asked to provide an opinion on the effectiveness of the current EU requirements against X. fastidiosa, which are laid down in Council Directive 2000/29/EC and the EU emergency measures against X. fastidiosa (Decision 2014/497/EU), in reducing the risk of introduction of this pest into, and its spread within, the EU territory.The current distribution of X. fastidiosa in the EU is restricted to one strain within one province of the Apulia region in south Italy, where several thousand hectares of olive plantations are affected, and it is under official control. X. fastidiosa is also reported in Apulia on Prunus cerasifera, Prunus dulcis, Nerium oleander, Acacia saligna, Polygala myrtifolia, Westringia fruticosa, Spartium junceum and Vinca spp. The genotype of X. fastidiosa of the Apulian outbreak has been attributed to the subspecies pauca. Nevertheless, this pest ris...

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Section: Climatic Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yellow points represent places where Xylella fastidiosa was reported, according to the extensive literature search and the database in Appendix B Magarey et al (2008), and Xylella fastidiosa distribution.…”

Section: Climatic Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the risks to plant health posed byXylella fastidiosain the EU territory, with the identification and evaluation of risk reduction options

2015

EFSA Journal

138

112

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“…Rating guidance for climatic suitability is provided and links to maps useful in identifying the climates where the pest is present for comparison with the area under assessment are given. These include the CABI Crop Protection Compendium Pest Distribution and Climate Maps (http://www.cabi.org/cpc/), the Köppen-Geiger climate classification (Kottek et al 2006) updated by Kriticos et al (2012), the World Hardiness Zones updated by Magarey et al (2008) and the Global Maps of Temperature Accumulation (Degree Days) based on 10°C (Baker 2002).…”

Section: The Decision-support Scheme For Climatic Suitability Risk Mamentioning

confidence: 99%

Interface between pest risk science and policy: the EPPO perspective

Brunel¹,

Suffert²,

Petter³

et al. 2013

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The European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) is an intergovernmental organization responsible for cooperation in plant protection in the European and Mediterranean region. It provides global distribution maps of pests, and intends to identify the areas at risk from new and emerging pests, in the framework of Pest Risk Analyses. EPPO has developed a decision-support scheme for Pest Risk Analysis (DSS) and a computer program (CAPRA) to assist pest risk analysts in running the decisionsupport scheme. Dedicated rating guidance and a Climatic Suitability Risk Mapping Decision-Support Scheme have recently been developed to guide assessors in identifying the potential area of establishment of a pest. All these tools have been developed taking into account both pest risk science available and needs of policy makers. The use of these tools and of mapping software are undertaken within the framework of EPPO Pest Risk Analyses, as illustrated through the examples of Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera) and Apriona germari (Coleoptera).

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“…The reason this system is so extensively accepted worldwide is that the values of the extreme minimum temperatures under which plants can survive and grow have been observed and recorded for many years, and it is easy to obtain information concerning the cold hardiness zones of many plants from numerous books and records. Similarly, PHZ maps in which the mean extreme annual minimum temperatures are taken into account have been created for the entire world (Magarey et al 2008), for Europe (Heinze & Schreiber 1984, Swedish Fuchsia Society 2012, for Australia (Dawson 1991) and for China (Widrlechner 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although hardiness zones are generally useful for the selection of species to be used in long-term afforestation activities in a particular area/region, they are also commonly used for phytosanitary risk analysis (Magarey et al 2008). Additionally, PHZ maps have been used for the interpretation of climate change.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of the major forest tree species in Turkey within spatially interpolated plant heat and hardiness zone maps

Yilmaz¹,

Tolunay²

2012

iForest

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© iForest -Biogeosciences and Forestry IntroductionPlanting and growing an exotic species outside of its natural habitat presents a dilemma because it is unknown whether such a species will survive. Experts in fields addressing this issue (forest and agricultural engineers, horticulturists and landscape architects) have built up considerable knowledge about the species in their regions as a result of long-term observations. However, it is very difficult to predict whether a species that will be grown in a region for the first time will prosper or perish. Various restrictive factors, such as drought, insect and fungus damages, extreme heat and cold, soil wetness, day length, nutrient deficiencies, salinity and air pollution affect plant growth. Plants are very well adapted to the extreme conditions existing within their natural range of occurrence; however, they are likely to suffer when they are grown outside these regions.Various approaches may be adopted in order to decide whether to use plants outside of their natural habitat. For example, in European forestry, the adaptation possibilities of species to newly planted areas are investigated by performing long-term provenance trials. Species-specific breeding or seed zones can also be utilized for this purpose. In addition, seed or plant materials can be transferred with minimum risk within a breeding zone (Johnson et al. 2004). Progeny tests, garden experiments and provenance trials are also used to produce breeding zone maps (Isik et al. 2000). Seed breeding zones are created by considering characteristics such as climate, vegetation, and elevation (Isik et al. 2000).Climate is one of the most important factors affecting plant distribution. Seed or seedling transfer can be performed when the climatic characteristics of the growing region of a plant species are known. Climate classifications have been obtained using various climatic factors affecting plant growth. Bioclimatic classifications or indexes are used in studies on the distribution of plants, animals and ecosystems (Attorre et al. 2007). The most commonly used bioclimatic indices, mainly based on temperature and precipitation parameters, were developed by De Martonne (1927), Köppen (1936), Thornthwaite (1948), Bagnouls & Gaussen (1957), and Rivas-Martinez (1996), as described by Attorre et al. (2007).Hardiness zones have been used for many years to select species for use in plantations of exotic or ornamental species in North America. Additionally, it has been stated that cold hardiness zones could be used in performing seed transfer of economically important pine species in North America (Schmidtling 2001). Plant Hardiness Zones (PHZs) help determine under which environmental conditions plants can survive or be grown (Mckenney et al. 2007). For this reason, numerous systems have been generated to map the PHZs in North America. The most widely used of these is the USDA PHZ Map, which was generated based on mean extreme annual minimum temperatures (Cathey 1990). Although this system is referred to as ...

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Global plant hardiness zones for phytosanitary risk analysis

Cited by 41 publications

References 16 publications

Scientific Opinion on the risks to plant health posed byXylella fastidiosain the EU territory, with the identification and evaluation of risk reduction options

Scientific Opinion on the risks to plant health posed byXylella fastidiosain the EU territory, with the identification and evaluation of risk reduction options

Interface between pest risk science and policy: the EPPO perspective

Distribution of the major forest tree species in Turkey within spatially interpolated plant heat and hardiness zone maps

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