Energy balance methodology and modeling of supplementary forage production for cattle in Brazil

Abstract

Cattle is the main protein source in Brazil and cattle production depends on preserving forage in order to decrease the influence of dry periods on grass production. To minimize such problems, some new techniques have been created to increase the yield which also leads to energy demand increase. Energy balance is a vital tool to evaluate the efficiency of energy consumption in production systems. There is no standard methodology established for this determination. It is also difficult to analyze different management options because of the complexity of the production systems and the interactions among variables. Therefore the purpose of this study is to develop a methodology that supports the development of a model, using a spreadsheet, and to use it to analyze the energy balance of production systems. The model was applied to a traditional production system of maize (Zea mays L.) silage and a Bermuda grass (Cynodon spp.) haylage. The gross energy balance presented was 14.1 energy units of output per energy units of input for maize silage and -0.98 for haylage. For the digestible energy balance, the values were 9.1 and -0.99, respectively. The total energy demanded was 74.3% in maize silage fertilizations and 99.7% in haylage irrigation. Yield and dry matter contents were indicated in a sensitivity analysis as the main critical variables for maize, whereas for haylage, it was not possible to indicate any. The best alternative scenarios for improving energy efficiency in maize silage and haylage production were the reductions of fertilizer concentration and irrigation use, respectively. Key words: environmental management, production systems, sustainability, silage, haylage METODOLOGIA E MODELAGEM DO BALANÇO ENERGÉTICO EM FORRAGENS SUPLEMENTARES PARA BOVINOSRESUMO: A pecuária é a principal fonte de proteína no Brasil, e sofre pela estacionalidade das chuvas, necessitando-se da suplementação alimentar. Para amenizar tais problemas surgem técnicas visando o aumento da produtividade, porém demandando mais energia. O balanço energético é uma importante ferramenta para avaliar a eficiência com que um sistema de produção utiliza os insumos, pois relaciona os fluxos de energia de entrada (input) e a energia disponibilizada pelo sistema (output). No entanto, não há uma metodologia padrão para tal análise, e ainda analisar diferentes opções não é uma tarefa fácil, pela complexidade de sistemas agrícolas e pelas interações de suas variáveis. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho objetivou propor uma metodologia de determinação do balanço energético, que desse suporte ao desenvolvimento de um modelo em planilha eletrônica. Este foi utilizado para avaliar dois sistemas: um de produção de silagem de milho (Zea mays L.) e um de silagem emurchecida de Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.). A silagem de milho apresentou balanços energéticos bruto de 14,08 e a emurchecida -0,98, já para o balanço de energia digestível foram 9,12 e -0,99, respectivamente. As adubações demandaram 73,4% do total de energia na silagem de milho e a irrigação ...

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