Esquizofrenia: uma revisão

Abstract

A definição atual de esquizofrenia indica uma psicose crônica idiopática, aparentando ser um conjunto de diferentes doenças com sintomas que se assemelham e se sobrepõem. A esquizofrenia é de origem multifatorial onde os fatores genéticos e ambientais parecem estar associados a um aumento no risco de desenvolver a doença. Esse artigo tem como objetivo fazer uma revisão de alguns aspectos englobando: história, sintomatologia, tratamentos e modelos experimentais da esquizofrenia.

Perfil De Pacientes Com Transtornos Mentais Atendidos No Centro De Atenção Psicossocial Do Município De Candeias - Bahia

“…No levantamento realizado no CAPS II, os transtornos mentais de maior frequência apresentados neste estudo, na análise para ambos os sexos, estiveram relacionados ao que a CID-10 considera como Esquizofrenia, transtornos esquizotípicos e transtornos delirantes (F20 -F29). Frente a estes achados é importante destacarmos o fato dos homens serem mais suscetíveis de desenvolver a esquizofrenia do que as mulheres 18 . Há consenso, segundo Silva 18 , em se atribuir a de-sorganização da personalidade verificada na esquizofrenia à interação de variáveis culturais, psicológicas e biológicas, entre as quais se destacam as de natureza genética.…”

Comportamento comunicativo de indivíduos com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia

“…In the clinical practice, it is relatively common to find verbal dysfunctions in patients with schizophrenia, with the inferences about the thoughts being primarily based on the discourse of the subject 6 .This discourse is of such importance, that its disorganization is a criterion with diagnostic value, according to the DSM-IV-TR classification 14 .The characteristics of language and speech alterations present in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia are: disordered language and discourse, derailment, going off at a tangent, neologisms, poverty in the content of the discourse, incoherence, pressured speech, loss of ideas, and delayed speech or even remaining mute 8 .In addition, people with this diagnosis, demonstrate a generalized cognitive deficit, i.e., they tend to present lower levels of performance than control subjects in various cognitive tests, with deficits in attention, memory and the resolution of problems being more prominent 8 .…”

“…The negative symptoms include apathy, lack of motivation, reduced activity level, psychomotor retardation, poverty of the discourse, neglect of appearance, problems with attention and concentration, and the reduction of social awareness, among others 8,14 .Individuals with predominantly negative symptoms present fewer academic achievements, less success in obtaining employment, lower performance in cognitive tasks, and have worse prognoses than those with more positive symptoms 6 .…”

“…Of the communication changes related to mental disorders observed in the clinical practice, individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia present stable traits, such as disorganized discourse and reduced verbal production 5 .Schizophrenia is a mental severe disorder, classically characterized by a set of cognitive and emotional dysfunctions, including perception, thinking, communication, behavior, affection, and desire, however, none of these symptoms, when observed alone, guarantee the presence of disorder 6 .It mostly affects young adults 7 , its prevalence is variable, with estimates between 0.1 and 0.7 per one thousand inhabitants peryear 8 , and its causes have not yet been elucidated. There is, however, agreement regarding the alterations present in the framework of the schizophrenic individual, which include genetic and biopsychosocial components 6,[8][9][10] , as well as anatomical and physiological cerebral alterations and the influence of pre and perinatal factors 6,10 Individuals with schizophrenia, of both sexes, aged between 19 and 75 years who had undergone treatment in the NSM within the previous five years were included in the study.…”

“…There is, however, agreement regarding the alterations present in the framework of the schizophrenic individual, which include genetic and biopsychosocial components 6,[8][9][10] , as well as anatomical and physiological cerebral alterations and the influence of pre and perinatal factors 6,10 Individuals with schizophrenia, of both sexes, aged between 19 and 75 years who had undergone treatment in the NSM within the previous five years were included in the study. This diagnosis was made by psychiatrists of the NSM team.…”