Toxicity screening of mouthwashes in the pollen tube growth test: safety assessment of recommended dilutions

Kristen, U.; Friedrich, Reinhard E

doi:10.1590/s0103-64402006000100013

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Genetic changes may then cause the development of dysplasia or leukoplakia and, finally, cancer [ 125 , 126 ]. The possibility of damage to the oral mucosa also exists with the use of mouthwashes [ 127 ]. An overview of the effect of ethanol on the oral mucosa is shown in Figure 1 .…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety evaluation of topical applications of ethanol on the skin and inside the oral cavity

Lachenmeier

2008

J Occup Med Toxicol

235

151

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Ethanol is widely used in all kinds of products with direct exposure to the human skin (e.g. medicinal products like hand disinfectants in occupational settings, cosmetics like hairsprays or mouthwashes, pharmaceutical preparations, and many household products). Contradictory evidence about the safety of such topical applications of the alcohol can be found in the scientific literature, yet an up-to-date risk assessment of ethanol application on the skin and inside the oral cavity is currently lacking.The first and foremost concerns of topical ethanol applications for public health are its carcinogenic effects, as there is unambiguous evidence for the carcinogenicity of ethanol orally consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages. So far there is a lack of evidence to associate topical ethanol use with an increased risk of skin cancer. Limited and conflicting epidemiological evidence is available on the link between the use of ethanol in the oral cavity in the form of mouthwashes or mouthrinses and oral cancer. Some studies pointed to an increased risk of oral cancer due to locally produced acetaldehyde, operating via a similar mechanism to that found after alcoholic beverage ingestion.In addition, topically applied ethanol acts as a skin penetration enhancer and may facilitate the transdermal absorption of xenobiotics (e.g. carcinogenic contaminants in cosmetic formulations). Ethanol use is associated with skin irritation or contact dermatitis, especially in humans with an aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) deficiency.After regular application of ethanol on the skin (e.g. in the form of hand disinfectants) relatively low but measurable blood concentrations of ethanol and its metabolite acetaldehyde may occur, which are, however, below acute toxic levels. Only in children, especially through lacerated skin, can percutaneous toxicity occur.As there might be industry bias in many studies about the safety of topical ethanol applications, as well as a general lack of scientific research on the long-term effects, there is a requirement for independent studies on this topic. The research focus should be set on the chronic toxic effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde at the point of impact, with special regard to children and individuals with genetic deficiencies in ethanol metabolism.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety evaluation of topical applications of ethanol on the skin and inside the oral cavity

Lachenmeier

2008

J Occup Med Toxicol

235

151

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“…However, the relative risk was only 0.7 or 0.8 among women who used mouthwashes to conceal food odors or for other reasons. 34 In a case/control study of oral epithelial dysplasia among 127 subjects from two large pathology laboratories, 46 the authors examined eight variables describing mouthwash use and the alcohol content of the products used. The general findings were negative, as were those for all eight variables.…”

Section: Mouthwashes and Oral Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The conclusion was that there is no relationship between mouthwash use and oral epithelial dysplasia. 46 In a large case/control study with 342 case subjects and 521 control subjects from Puerto Rico with oral cancer, the authors affirmed that they were unable to evaluate the accuracy of the reporting of tobacco, alcohol and mouthwash use. They found no association between mouthwash use and oral cancer.…”

Section: Mouthwashes and Oral Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviewed evidence about the safety of the daily use of alcohol-based mouthrinses

Lemos

Villoria

2008

Braz. oral res.

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Current scientific knowledge provides clear evidence that alcohol-based mouthwashes can be beneficial in a daily oral health routine, including dental hygiene and plaque control. Several issues are worth discussing, in spite of the wealth of supporting evidence. Despite some undesirable effects to some people, like burning sensation, and some contraindications, like the use by infants, alcohol addicts and patients with mucosal injuries, there is no reason to avoid the use of alcohol-containing mouthwashes as long as they are used following proper guidance by dental professionals and the manufacturers' instructions. The alleged correlation between oral cancer and alcohol-based mouthrinses presents so little, weak, inconsistent and even contradictory evidence in the literature that any kind of risk warning to patients would be uncalled for. Antimicrobial mouthrinses are safe and effective in reducing plaque and gingivitis, and should be part of a comprehensive oral health care regimen that includes brushing, flossing and rinsing to prevent or minimize periodontal disease.

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“…Furthermore, a polyethylene glycol derivative of hydrogenated castor oil (PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil) is a surfactant that can change the barrier properties of human oral mucosa in vitro and in vivo by altering the tight junctions of epithelial cells [ 39 ]. This surfactant, added to the tested gel formulations of the present study, was shown to decrease the viability of a cell line of fibroblasts derived from mice (L929) and human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) [ 40 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity of Experimental Mouthwashes and Gels Containing DNA-RNA and Bioactive Molecules against the Oxidative Stress of Oral Soft Tissues: The Importance of Formulations. A Bioreactor-Based Reconstituted Human Oral Epithelium Model

et al. 2021

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Background: DNA-RNA compounds have shown promising protection against cell oxidative stress. This study aimed to assess the cytotoxicity, protective, or preventive effect of different experimental formulations on oral epithelia’s oxidative stress in vitro. Methods: Reconstituted human oral epithelia (RHOE) were grown air-lifted in a continuous-flow bioreactor. Mouthwashes and gels containing DNA-RNA compounds and other bioactive molecules were tested on a model of oxidative stress generated by hydrogen peroxide treatment. Epithelia viability was evaluated using a biochemical MTT-based assay and confocal microscopy; structural and ultrastructural morphology was evaluated by light microscopy and TEM. Results: DNA-RNA showed non-cytotoxic activity and effectively protected against oxidative stress, but did not help in its prevention. Gel formulations did not express adequate activity compared to the mouthwashes. Excipients played a fundamental role in enhancing or even decreasing the bioactive molecules’ effect. Conclusion: A mouthwash formulation with hydrolyzed DNA-RNA effectively protected against oxidative stress without additional enhancement by other bioactive molecules. Active compounds, such as hyaluronic acid, β-Glucan, allantoin, bisabolol, ruscogenin, and essential oils, showed a protective effect against oxidative stress, which was not synergistic with the one of DNA-RNA. Incorporation of surfactant agents showed a reduced, yet significant, cytotoxic effect.

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Toxicity screening of mouthwashes in the pollen tube growth test: safety assessment of recommended dilutions

Cited by 7 publications

References 9 publications

Safety evaluation of topical applications of ethanol on the skin and inside the oral cavity

Safety evaluation of topical applications of ethanol on the skin and inside the oral cavity

Reviewed evidence about the safety of the daily use of alcohol-based mouthrinses

Activity of Experimental Mouthwashes and Gels Containing DNA-RNA and Bioactive Molecules against the Oxidative Stress of Oral Soft Tissues: The Importance of Formulations. A Bioreactor-Based Reconstituted Human Oral Epithelium Model

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