A realidade da cadeia do trigo no Brasil: o elo produtores/cooperativas

Abstract

Resumo: O presente artigo tem como objeto a cadeia produtiva do trigo no Brasil e destaca a realidade econômica de seus principais elos, com ênfase nos elos da produção agrícola e industrial do cereal. Salientase que o artigo traz a atualidade do setor no Brasil, a partir da análise dos resultados de pesquisa de campo realizada com produtores rurais, cooperativas e moinhos de trigo. O estudo da cadeia tritícola brasileira, com seus problemas, oferece uma luz para melhor compreensão das condições que o país possui para não só responder às dúvidas expostas, mas, sobretudo, apontar o caminho seguido pela produção de trigo no Brasil nesse início de século XXI. A triticultura nacional está ameaçada e dificilmente alcançará a auto-suficiência, pois os produtores brasileiros não possuem vantagens comparativas e competitivas suficientes, particularmente em relação aos produtores argentinos. A comercialização do trigo também enfrenta dificuldades, tanto na questão de preços do produto, quanto na qualidade exigida pelos moinhos. A retirada da intervenção estatal na produção nacional de trigo, em 1990/91, que a deixou ao sabor do mercado, alterou completamente o quadro de

Transaction costs and trade liberalization: An empirical perspective from the MERCOSUR agreement

“…For example, considering the importance of wheat quality on its price formation and according our model's results, we infer that Brazilian importers chose the US varieties over Argentinean products independently of the existence of MERCOSUR, because of the higher protein content of HRW and SRW compared to PAN varieties (Brum and Kettenhuber, 2008), thus driving more intense exports to important flour producer, such as Brazil.…”

“…In 2012 it produced 8.4% of global agricultural output and its products represent, on average, 2.9% of world agricultural trade during the last decade (FAOSTAT, 2013). Nevertheless, when compared to the United States, its transportation and marketing costs for bulk agricultural product exports have historically been much higher (Brum and Kettenhuber, 2008). This is largely due to an inefficient or underdeveloped barge and railroad transportation system and a heavy reliance on more expensive truck hauling that reduces the country's competitive advantage.…”

“…All prices series were converted to natural logarithm prior to estimation and testing. Additionally, previous authors suggest that wheat quality, expressed by the protein content, plays an important role in the arbitrage mechanism between milling industries (Brum and Kettenhuber, 2008). We therefore separated wheat price series according to the protein content of the varieties from Argentina and the United States, that is, 11% and 12% for PAN (in the case of Argentina) and 11% and 15% for Hard Red Winter and Soft Red Winter (in the case of the United States).…”

The impact of wheat market liberalization on the seed industry’s innovative capacity: an assessment of Brazil’s experience

“…The high global stock of wheat and the American government's subsidization of wheat exports were largely responsible for low global prices, and increased the appeal of foreign wheat to Brazilian purchasers. In spite of the sharp drop in prices brought by liberalization, Brazilian prices remained high in comparison to international prices, and millers consequently increased consumption of foreign wheat (Brum & Müller 2008).…”

“…It also aims to direct products to regions that would otherwise have to import them, thus ensuring product flow throughout the country. In the early 1990s, the price set by CONAB for auctions through PEP was 32 % below the world price: US$94.52 per ton, in comparison to US$140.00 5 (Brum & Müller 2008). The reduction in domestic prices stimulated domestic demand, however, national production was undermined.…”