Externalidades e mudanças da regulamentação ambiental para a suinocultura norte-americana: é possível no caso brasileiro?

Abstract

Neste trabalho objetiva-se descrever a relação entre externalidade e regulação ambiental com base no desenvolvimento recente da suinocultura norte-americana para avaliar a possibilidade de uma reforma na legislação que permita um controle ambiental mais rigoroso dos dejetos da suinocultura brasileira. A análise evidenciou que se a reforma fosse feita aos moldes da norte-americana teria que ser uma iniciativa do governo federal para definir metas nacionais de padrões polutivos com base na consolidação de regras estaduais. Recursos públicos seriam necessários para fiscalizar e punir poluidores, e para financiar os produtores na aquisição dos insumos ambientais. Por outro lado, as pressões da sociedade estariam restritas à atuação de organizações isoladas de pesquisa e extensão. A conclusão é de que no curto-prazo não há condições econômicas, sociais e institucionais que apontem para a realização de reforma.<br>This paper describes the relationship between externalities and environmental regulation in the USA hog sector to verify the possibility to increase the stringency of regulation concerning externalities caused by hog manure in Brazil. The analysis shows that if the regulation reform in Brazil is going to follow the one in the USA it should be a government iniciative through the definition of national polluting standards based on hog manure rules already in place by the Brazilian states. Public funds would be required to enforce and punish polluters, and also to support farmers to acquire environmental inputs. On the other side, social pressure would be confined from the action of isolated groups related to environment, agriculture and farmer's work extension. The main conclusion is that there are no economic, social and institutional factors indicating the feasibility of such reform in the short run

Análise De Práticas De Sustentabilidade Em Granjas Suinícolas

“…Diante do contexto abordado pelo estudo, são consideradas externalidades negativas da atividade suinícola a contaminação do ar, da água subterrânea e da superfície, podendo essa contaminação ocorrer por meio da utilização inadequada de dejetos, como o fato dos produtores rurais despejarem parte ou todo o material poluidor em rios ou lagoas naturais, como ainda a utilização excessiva de dejetos como fertilizantes no solo, comprometendo assim, lençóis freáticos, ocasionando a poluição de poços de água destinados ao consumo humano (Weydmann, 2005).…”

Uncovering the Knowledge Flows in Supply Chain Relationships

“…The illustration of flows was based on the model proposed by Zhuge [3]. The processes mapped were ob-tained through a review of studies concerning the swine production chain in Brazil [13,14]. This supply chain was chosen because it contained some problems related to environmental aspects (could be reflected in the market performance).…”

“…In the recent years there has been an intensification of production (more animals per unit into a smaller number of properties). This situation has increased the existing environmental problems, creating a greater demand for alternatives and processes that reduce or even eliminate the generation of waste in this segment of the chain [13,25].…”

“…The environmental impacts and the inadequate management of resources are damaging the business (through fines, limiting access to credit lines and commercialization barriers) and creating barriers to the importation of Brazilian swine meat (USA; EU countries and Asia) due to the threat of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD). Weydmann [13] discusses that the current barriers related to animal sanity may also be added to future environmental barriers, in case exporting countries which already have regularized their production chain (USA)-and consequently have higher production costs-decide to claim the environmental dumping for countries that pre-sent some kind of inadequacy of production systems.…”

“…In order to achieve homogeneously of production and implement practices to decrease the impact caused by production process, the industry invests in Research & Development (e.g. management practices, animal diets, genetics and medicines) and procedures based on environmental legislation which are often poorly designed, with applications which are often inadequate to the region's reality, or are not supervised by the government [13,26,27]. It is the responsibility of the producer, the application of the practices and the instructions transmitted by industry.…”