“…Despite substantial efforts of educational laws (Brasil, 1996) and curricula guidelines (Brasil, 1998(Brasil, , 2006(Brasil, , 2017 to help students develop useable knowledge of English, the focus on translations along with excessive prescriptive grammatical rules are still the most popular practices (Bernardo, 2019). Those methods seem to be driven by unfavorable conditions for teaching, i.e., limited workload, overcrowded classrooms that prevent teachers from properly guiding students during speaking activities, precarious pre-service teacher education, a shortage of in-service education programs, and low teacher salaries (Celani, 2003;Cox & Assis Peterson, 2008;Pessoa & Pinto, 2013;Menezes de Souza & Monte Mór, 2019). A general sense of failure both in public and private schools challenge researchers to deepen their understanding of such a complex scenario that is not unique to Brazil -it is actually lined up with a great number of teaching contexts around the world (Weddell, 2011;Freeman et al, 2015).…”