Ultrasound and gross anatomy of the brachial plexus and major nerves of the forelimb. An anesthetic approach using the domestic rabbit (Oyctolagus cuniculus) as an experimental model1

Mencalha, Rodrigo; Sousa, Carlos Augusto dos Santos; Costa, Orlando Marques; Figueiredo, Marcelo Abidú

doi:10.1590/s0102-865020160040000001

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…To minimize effect of surgical procedure, we employed a recording method introduced by Ho and Waite (38). A concentric needle bipolar electrode was inserted transcutaneously for stimulation in the rostral /distal aspect of brachial plexus in the vicinity of radial/common trunk of medial/ulnar nerves in forelimbs (39) and in the vicinity of sciatic nerve in hind limbs. For recording, 100 micron diameter teflon coated wire electrodes with 1 mm exposed barbed tip were placed in m. flexor carpi radialis in forelimbs and m. gastrocnemius in hind limbs using a hypodermal needle.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal Hyper-Excitability and Altered Muscle Structure Contribute to Muscle Hypertonia in Newborns After Antenatal Hypoxia-Ischemia in a Rabbit Cerebral Palsy Model

Synowiec

et al. 2019

Front. Neurol.

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Rabbit kits after global antenatal hypoxic-ischemic injury exhibit motor deficits similar to humans with cerebral palsy. We tested several mechanisms previously implicated in spinal hyper-excitability after perinatal brain injury that may explain muscle hypertonia in newborns. Stiffness of hind limb muscles during passive stretch, electromyogram, and spinal excitability by Hoffman reflex, were assessed in rabbit kits with muscle hypertonia after global hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and naïve controls. Affected muscle architecture, motoneuron morphology, primary afferents density, gliosis, and KCC2 expression transporter in the spinal cord were also examined. Decrease knee stiffness after anesthetic administration was larger, but residual stiffness was higher in hypertonic kits compared to controls. Hypertonic kits exhibited muscle shortening and atrophy, in both agonists and antagonists. Sarcomere length was longer in tibialis anterior in hypertonic kits than in controls. Hypertonic kits had decreased rate dependent depression and increased Hmax/Mmax in H-reflex. Motor neuron soma sizes, primary afferent density were not different between controls and hypertonic kits. Length of dendritic tree and ramification index were lower in hypertonic group. Gene expression of KCC2 was lower in hypertonic kits, but protein content was not different between the groups. In conclusion, while we found evidence of decreased supraspinal inhibitory control and increased excitability by H-reflex that may contribute to neuronal component in hypertonia, increased joint resistance to stretch was explained predominantly by changes in passive properties of muscles and joints. We did not find structural evidence of increased sensory afferent input or morphological changes in motoneurons that might explain increased excitability. Gliosis, observed in spinal gray matter, may contribute to muscle hypertonia.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal Hyper-Excitability and Altered Muscle Structure Contribute to Muscle Hypertonia in Newborns After Antenatal Hypoxia-Ischemia in a Rabbit Cerebral Palsy Model

Synowiec

et al. 2019

Front. Neurol.

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“…Knowledge on the anatomical characteristics and the variations of this plexus is an important ally in applied studies, and may make the diagnosis of neuromuscular dysfunctions easier (Freeman et al 2009). Besides, it may guide local and regional anaesthetic nerve block techniques, once these techniques lead to intraoperative analgesia for musculoskeletal structures of the thoracic limbs and the shoulders (Futema et al 1999;Mencalha et al 2014Mencalha et al , 2016Mistry et al 2016;Shinn et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin and antimeric distribution of brachial plexus nerves in Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780) (Primates: Cercopithecidae)

Santos-Sousa

Gomes

Carvalho

et al. 2016

Italian Journal of Zoology

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Morphology studies provide knowledge that allows us to understand how animals interact with their natural environment or in captivity. In this context, comparative anatomy on the formation of the brachial plexus has been a matter of interest since the 19th century, and remains one of the most intriguing topics of contemporary anatomy. The aim of this study was to describe the origin and the antimeric distribution of the brachial plexus nerves in Macaca mulatta, as well as the muscles innervated by it. Ten male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were used. Animals came from the Laboratory Animals Breeding Centre (Cecal/Fiocruz), and were donated to the Animal Anatomy Department of the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. Specimens were fixed in formaldehyde by infusion of a 10% solution. They were subsequently kept in low-density polythene containers with 500 L of 30% formaldehyde over a period of 12 months. In 11 plexus (55%) the resulting nerves were constituted by the connections between the ventral spinal branches C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1. In five plexus (25%), the participant roots were C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, T1 and T2. In two (10%) plexus, they were C5, C6, C7, C8, T1 and T2. In the other two (10%) plexus it was observed to be formed from C6, C7, C8, T1 and T2. The ventral branches formed three nerve trunks: cranial, middle and caudal. The suprascapular, subscapular, axillary, musculocutaneous, radial, median and ulnar nerves innervated the intrinsic muscles. The subclavian, thoracodorsal, medial cutaneous nerve of the arm and forearm, long thoracic, cranial pectoral and caudal pectoral innervated extrinsic muscles. Results obtained in this study contribute to the field of comparative anatomy of primates, and provide information for applied research, serving as a basis for clinical and surgical procedures that use this species as a model animal.

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“…While Cao et al attribute biceps root level innervation to C5 and C6, Mencalha and Mohiuddin do not report involvement of C5 or C6 nerve roots. Mencalha attributes biceps innervation to C7 and C8, while Mohiuddin attributes C7, C8, T1, and T2 (Mencalha et al, ; Mohiuddin et al, ). Reichert et al and Kollitz et al attribute biceps innervation to C6 and C7 while Stamatoukou et al report only C6 (Kollitz et al, ; Stamatoukou et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The rabbit brachial plexus as a model for nerve injury and repair Part 1: Anatomic study of the biceps and triceps innervation

et al. 2019

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Purpose Animal models can be helpful in evaluating new surgical strategies for brachial plexus reconstruction. While several groups have already used the rabbit brachial plexus to model injury, reports conflict in anatomic detail and do not identify a nerve‐muscle pair to measure motor function recovery after reconstruction. The purpose of the current study is to describe the innervations of the biceps and triceps muscles in rabbits, which are both amenable to study in brachial plexus injury models. Materials and Methods Thirteen rabbits weighing 2–2.5 kg were anesthetized. Six rabbits were sacrificed and dissected using loupe and microscope magnification to understand the overall morphology of the brachial plexus. Seven rabbits underwent electrophysiologic investigation. A bipolar nerve stimulator was used to systematically stimulate the roots, trunks and divisions, and nerve branches of the rabbit brachial plexus and compound muscle action potential was used to record muscle response. Nerve length and width measurements were not recorded. Results Roots contributing to the brachial plexus were C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1. In contrast to other anatomical studies, T2 did not contribute to the brachial plexus. The triceps was innervated by the radial nerve, which received contributions from C6 (1.6 mA), C7 (1.9 mA), C8, and T1 (12.2 mA).The biceps had dual innervation (proximally and distally). The proximal branch received contributions from C6 (3.5 mA) and C7 (5mA). The distal portion was innervated by a branch from the median nerve, which received innervation from C6, C7, C8, and T1. Conclusions The overall structure of rabbit brachial plexus is described and innervation of the biceps and triceps is described in detail. This anatomic investigation will form the basis of a future brachial plexus model of injury and repair.

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Ultrasound and gross anatomy of the brachial plexus and major nerves of the forelimb. An anesthetic approach using the domestic rabbit (Oyctolagus cuniculus) as an experimental model1

Cited by 9 publications

References 16 publications

Spinal Hyper-Excitability and Altered Muscle Structure Contribute to Muscle Hypertonia in Newborns After Antenatal Hypoxia-Ischemia in a Rabbit Cerebral Palsy Model

Spinal Hyper-Excitability and Altered Muscle Structure Contribute to Muscle Hypertonia in Newborns After Antenatal Hypoxia-Ischemia in a Rabbit Cerebral Palsy Model

Origin and antimeric distribution of brachial plexus nerves in Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780) (Primates: Cercopithecidae)

The rabbit brachial plexus as a model for nerve injury and repair Part 1: Anatomic study of the biceps and triceps innervation

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