Demography and health of the Xavante Indians of Central Brazil

Souza, Luciene Guimarães de; Santos, Ricardo Ventura; Pagliaro, Heloísa; Carvalho, Marília Sá; Flowers, Nancy M.; Coimbra, Carlos E. A.

doi:10.1590/s0102-311x2011001000003

Cited by 25 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…Likewise, diverse studies highlight that infectious and parasitic diseases, especially diarrhea and pneumonia, and undernutrition constitute the principal causes of disease and death among Xavante children. This scenario is consistent with the elevated prevalence of anemia observed in this study [19][20][21] . Age of the child was an important explanatory factor for hemoglobin concentration and prevalence of anemia among the Xavante, which is comparable with observations from other studies of Indigenous [4][5][6]14 and non-Indigenous populations 22,23 in Brazil.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Anemia e níveis de hemoglobina em crianças indígenas Xavante, Brasil Central

Ferreira

Santos

Souza

et al. 2017

Rev. bras. epidemiol.

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ABSTRACT:Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of anemia, mean hemoglobin levels, and the main nutritional, demographic, and socioeconomic factors among Xavante children in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Methods: A survey was conducted with children under 10 years of age in two indigenous Xavante communities within the Pimentel Barbosa Indigenous Reserve. Hemoglobin concentration levels, anthropometric measurements, and socioeconomic/demographic data were collected by means of clinical measurements and structured interviews. The cut-off points recommended by the World Health Organization were used for anemia classification. Linear regression analyses with hemoglobin as the outcome and Poisson regression with robust variance and with the presence or absence of anemia as outcomes were performed (95%CI). Results: Lower mean hemoglobin values were observed in children under 2 years of age, without a significant difference between sexes. Anemia was observed among 50.8% of children overall, with the highest prevalence among children under 2 years of age (77.8%). Age of the child was inversely associated with the occurrence of anemia (adjusted PR = 0.60; 95%CI 0.38-0.95) and mean hemoglobin values increased significantly with age. Greater height-for-age z-score values reduced the probability of having anemia by 1.8 times (adjusted PR = 0.59; 95%CI 0.34-1.00). Presence of another child with anemia within the household increased the probability of the occurrence of anemia by 52.9% (adjusted PR = 1.89; 95%CI 1.16-3.09). Conclusion: Elevated levels of anemia among Xavante children reveal a disparity between this Indigenous population and the national Brazilian population. Results suggest that anemia is determined by complex and variable relationships between socioeconomic, sociodemographic, and biological factors.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Anemia e níveis de hemoglobina em crianças indígenas Xavante, Brasil Central

Ferreira

Santos

Souza

et al. 2017

Rev. bras. epidemiol.

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“…This study also documented associations between anthropometric indicators of overweight or obesity with internal socioeconomic differentiation within the community, a pattern that did not exist before. It is worth noting that the Xavante population from the Pimentel Barbosa Indigenous Reserve has high infant mortality rates (average of 83.3/1000 between 1999 and 2004) and lives under precarious sanitary conditions [19]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional status and growth of indigenous Xavante children, Central Brazil

Ferreira

Welch

Santos

et al. 2012

Nutr J

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BackgroundThe aim of this study was to characterize the nutritional status of Xavante Indian children less than 10 years of age in Central Brazil and to evaluate the hypothesis of an association between child nutrition and socioeconomic differentiation in this population.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in July 2006 that included all children under the age of 10 from the Xavante village Pimentel Barbosa in Mato Grosso, Brazil. The data collected included weight, height, and sociodemographic information. Sociodemographic data were used to generate two indices ("income" and "wealth") and to determine the proportion of adults in each household. Descriptive analyses were performed for weight-for-age (W/A), height-for-age (H/A), and weight-for-height (W/H) using the NCHS and the WHO growth references. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted using H/A and W/A as a response variables.ResultsOf a total of 246 children under the age of ten residing in the village, 232 (94.3%) were evaluated. Following the NCHS reference, 5.6% of children under the age of ten presented low W/A and 14.7% presented low H/A. Among children under the age of five, deficit percentages for weight and height were 4.5% and 29.9%, respectively, following the WHO curves. Among children < 2 years of age, H/A index variability was found to be directly related to child's age and inversely related to the proportion of adults in the household. Maternal BMI was positively associated with growth for children from 2 to 4 years of age, explaining 11.5% of the z-score variability for the H/A index. For children 5 years of age and older, the wealth index and maternal height were positively associated with H/A. No significant associations were found using W/A as the dependent variable.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that undernutrition, in particular linear growth deficit, is a notable health issue for Xavante children. These findings contrast with the nutritional profile observed among Brazilian children nationally, which is characterized by a sharp decline in child undernutrition in recent decades, even in the poorest regions of the country. This discrepancy calls attention to the persistent health disparities that exist between indigenous and non-indigenous people in Brazil.

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“…Nas comunidades indígenas onde a tuberculose é endêmica, mais de 60% das notificações têm sido reportadas em crianças 20,21 . É também entre as crianças indígenas que ainda se observam coeficientes de mortalidade infantil que podem chegar a impensáveis 97 óbitos em menores de um ano por 1.000 crianças nascidas vivas, como entre os Xavante 22 , ou 29,6/1.000 entre os Gurani 23 , dentre outras etnias.…”

Section: Saúde E Nutrição Da Criança E Da Mulher Indígenaunclassified

Saúde e povos indígenas no Brasil: reflexões a partir do I Inquérito Nacional de Saúde e Nutrição Indígena

Carlos

Coimbra²

2014

Cad. Saúde Pública

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The current configuration of indigenous peoples' health in Brazil results from a complex historical trajectory, responsible for major delays for this population segment in the countrywide social advances seen in recent decades, particularly in the fields of health, education, housing, and sanitation. The main focus of this contribution is to review synthetically a selection of the main results of the First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition, conducted in the period 2008-2009, which visited 113 villages across the Brazil and interviewed 6,692 women and 6,128 IntroduçãoA configuração atual da saúde dos povos indí-genas no Brasil resulta de complexa trajetória histórica marcada por conflitos fundiários associados à expansão das fronteiras demográficas nacionais, degradação ambiental e, em muitos casos, omissão por parte do Estado. Para os povos indígenas, isso resulta em grande atraso em relação aos avanços sociais verificados no país ao longo das últimas décadas, particularmente nos campos da saúde, educação, habitação e saneamento. Estudos realizados em diversas etnias a partir dos anos de 1990 têm destacado o contexto das desigualdades sociais em saúde que marcam a fronteira entre ser indígena e não indígena no Brasil 1,2 . Em outras palavras, ser indígena no país implica maior chance de não completar o primeiro ano de vida, sofrer de desnutrição e anemia durante o período de crescimento, conviver com elevada carga de doenças infecciosas e parasitárias e estar exposto a rápido processo de transição nutricional, responsável pela emergência de agravos como obesidade, hipertensão arterial e diabetes mellitus, constatados em nú-mero crescente de comunidades 3,4,5 .É evidente que, salvo alguns poucos estudos que debruçaram sobre a análise de dados existentes em grandes bancos como o Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM), Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica (SIVEP), Censo Demográfico Decenal ou mesmo o Sistema de Informação da Atenção à Saú-de Indígena (SIASI), os estudos de comunidade disponíveis, por mais que relevantes em si, não permitem a extrapolação de seus resultados para contextos étnicos maiores ou macrorregionais. Por sua vez, os esforços no sentido de explorar as bases de informação existentes também esbarram em limitações importantes, com destaque para a dificuldade de se identificar etnias específicas, aldeias ou mesmo terras indígenas (SIM e SIVEP, por exemplo, operam com o conceito de "indígena" apenas como categoria de raça ou cor, e mesmo o censo demográfico só permite a identificação de etnia a partir do censo nacional realizado em 2010) 6,7,8 .A realização do Inquérito Nacional de Saúde e Nutrição Indígena (daqui para frente referido simplesmente como Inquérito Nacional) constitui um importante marco da saúde coletiva brasileira por ser a primeira iniciativa do gênero que almejou uma amostra representativa da população indígena no país. É importante lembrar que o Inquérito Nacional acontece com décadas de atraso em relação ao contingente...

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Demography and health of the Xavante Indians of Central Brazil

Abstract: Abstract

Cited by 25 publications

References 12 publications

Anemia e níveis de hemoglobina em crianças indígenas Xavante, Brasil Central

Anemia e níveis de hemoglobina em crianças indígenas Xavante, Brasil Central

Nutritional status and growth of indigenous Xavante children, Central Brazil

Saúde e povos indígenas no Brasil: reflexões a partir do I Inquérito Nacional de Saúde e Nutrição Indígena

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