O eterno retorno do materialismo: padrões recorrentes de explicações materialistas dos fenômenos mentais

Araújo, Saulo de Freitas

doi:10.1590/s0101-60832013000300007

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…59(p.56) Additionally, they do not address the failure of materialism to deliver on its promise over the centuries or in modern psychiatry. 6,61 In the same line, it is also assumed, with no presentation of supporting evidence, that all rational and science-oriented minds reject dualism and accept physicalism. This can be empirically refuted at different levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The presentation of the mind-brain problem in leading psychiatry journals

Moreira‐Almeida¹,

Araujo²

2019

Preprint

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The mind-brain problem (MBP) has marked implications for psychiatry, but has been poorly discussed in the psychiatric literature. This paper evaluates the presentation of the MBP in the three leading general psychiatry journals during the last 20 years. Methods: Systematic review of articles on the MBP published in the three general psychiatry journals with the highest impact factor from 1995 to 2015. The content of these articles was analyzed and discussed in the light of contemporary debates on the MBP. Results: Twenty-three papers, usually written by prestigious authors, explicitly discussed the MBP and received many citations (mean = 130). The two main categories were critiques of dualism and defenses of physicalism (mind as a brain product). These papers revealed several misrepresentations of theoretical positions and lacked relevant contemporary literature. Without further discussion or evidence, they presented the MBP as solved, dualism as an old-fashioned or superstitious idea, and physicalism as the only rational and empirically confirmed option. Conclusion: The MBP has not been properly presented and discussed in the three leading psychiatric journals in the last 20 years. The few articles on the topic have been highly cited, but reveal misrepresentations and lack of careful philosophical discussion, as well as a strong bias against dualism and toward a materialist/physicalist approach to psychiatry.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The presentation of the mind-brain problem in leading psychiatry journals

Moreira‐Almeida¹,

Araujo²

2019

Preprint

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“…Essa crença de que, "em algum ponto não especificado no futuro" (p. 205), será cientificamente demonstrado como o cérebro gera a mente é o que Popper e Eccles chamaram de materialismo promissório 2 . Saulo Araujo, em uma minuciosa investigação histórica 4 , concluiu que o materialismo promissório tem sido uma estratégia retórica utilizada há pelo menos 300 anos, mas a profecia de uma demonstração e uma explicação estritamente materialista da mente sempre prometidas para um futuro breve até hoje não se concretizou.…”

Section: Mente Como Produto Do Cérebro: Um Fato Científico?unclassified

Explorando a relação mente-cérebro: reflexões e diretrizes

Moreira‐Almeida¹

2013

Rev. psiquiatr. clín.

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Este artigo é uma versão traduzida e adaptada do Preface e Conclusion da obra: Moreira-AlmeidaResumo Contexto: O avanço no entendimento da mente e sua relação com o cérebro tem sido prejudicado por equívocos filosóficos e metodológicos. Objetivo: Discutir brevemente e propor diretrizes epistemológicas e metodológicas para uma frutífera investigação da relação mente-cérebro. Resultados: A relação mente--corpo ainda é um problema em aberto, não havendo evidências conclusivas de que a mente seja apenas um produto da atividade cerebral. Na exploração da mente, deve-se evitar a aceitação ou rejeição prematura de teorias, buscando não apenas evidências confirmatórias, mas também as falseadoras de uma teoria. Deve-se ampliar e diversificar a base empírica, buscando especialmente experiências humanas não usuais, tais como as chamadas experiências anômalas ou espirituais. A observação de fenômenos anômalos que não se encaixavam nos paradigmas estabelecidos foi essencial em revoluções científicas prévias. Tanto dados quantitativos quanto qualitativos devem ser valorizados. Para explicar a mente e suas múltiplas manifestações, é essencial haver abertura e rigor para criar, desenvolver e testar alternativas teóricas. Candidatos a paradigma de base tanto materialista quanto não materialista devem ter oportunidade de ser apresentados, aprimorados e testados. Conclusão: A ampliação e a diversificação da base empírica aliada a uma postura epistemológica e metodológica mais adequada são essenciais para o avanço da compreensão da relação mente-cérebro. Moreira-Almeida A / Rev Psiq Clín. 2013;40(3):105-9Palavras-chave: Relações mente-corpo, psicofisiologia, epistemologia, consciência, metodologia. AbstractBackground: Philosophical and methodological misconceptions have hampered advances in the understanding of mind and its relationship with the brain. Objective: To discuss and propose epistemological and methodological guidelines for a fruitful investigation of mind-brain relationship. Results: Mind-brain problem is still an open quest, there is no conclusive evidence that mind is just a product of brain activity. In exploring mind one should avoid premature acceptance or rejection of theories, searching not only for confirmatory evidence, but also for the falsifying ones. It is needed enlarging and diversifying the empirical basis, looking especially for unusual human experiences such as those called anomalous and spiritual. Observation of anomalous phenomena, that did not fit established paradigms, was essential in early scientific revolutions. Both qualitative and quantitative data must be valued. In order to explain mind and its myriad of manifestations, it is essential to have openness and rigor to create, develop and test theoretical alternatives. Both, materialist and non-materialist paradigm candidates deserve the same opportunity of being presented, improved and tested. Discussion: The broadening and diversification of the empirical base allied to a more fruitful epistemological and methodological stance are essential for...

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“…This antagonism between physicalism and anti-physicalism has assumed different forms throughout the centuries, being a constant feature of Western thought, and remains alive in contemporary debates 7,8 . In fact, scientists and philosophers are far from solving the mind-body problem 1,[8][9][10][11][12] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, scientists and philosophers are far from solving the mind-body problem 1,[8][9][10][11][12] . However, despite the lack of consensus among specialists and the persistence of the problem, both academic and lay publications often present the materialist view of mind as an established scientific fact that should be accepted by every educated person, including psychiatrists and scientists in general 4,8 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the brain produce the mind? A survey of psychiatrists’ opinions

Moreira‐Almeida¹,

Araújo²

2015

Arch. Clin. Psychiatry (São Saulo)

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Background: Psychiatrists' views on the mind-brain relationship (MBR) have marked clinical and research implications, but there is a lack of studies on this topic. Objectives: To evaluate psychiatrists' opinions on the MBR, and whether they are amenable to change or not. Methods: We conducted a survey of psychiatrists' views on the MBR just before and after a debate on the MBR at the Brazilian Congress of Psychiatry in 2014. Results: Initially, from more than 600 participants, 53% endorsed the view that "the mind (your "I") is a product of brain activity", while 47% disagreed. Moreover, 72% contested the view that "the universe is composed only of matter". After the debate, 30% changed from a materialist to a non-materialist view of mind, while 17% changed in the opposite way. Discussion: Psychiatrists are interested in debates on the MBR, do not hold a monolithic view on the subject and their positions are open to reflection and change, suggesting the need for more in-depth studies and rigorous but open-minded debates on the subject.

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O eterno retorno do materialismo: padrões recorrentes de explicações materialistas dos fenômenos mentais

Cited by 6 publications

References 13 publications

The presentation of the mind-brain problem in leading psychiatry journals

The presentation of the mind-brain problem in leading psychiatry journals

Explorando a relação mente-cérebro: reflexões e diretrizes

Does the brain produce the mind? A survey of psychiatrists’ opinions

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O eterno retorno do materialismo: padrões recorrentes de explicações materialistas dos fenômenos mentais

Cited by 6 publications

References 13 publications

The presentation of the mind-brain problem in leading psychiatry journals

The presentation of the mind-brain problem in leading psychiatry journals

Explorando a relação mente-cérebro: reflexões e diretrizes

Does the brain produce the mind? A survey of psychiatrists&#8217; opinions

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Does the brain produce the mind? A survey of psychiatrists’ opinions