Michal Kalecki, um pioneiro da teoria econômica do desenvolvimento

Abstract

Michal Kalecki, a pioneer of development economics. Kalecki made important contributions to development economics, which rank him among the founding fathers of this area of our discipline. The objective of this paper is to give an account of his contributions, and in particular of his conception of the peculiarities and the way of functioning of the underdeveloped economies, and of the barriers that limits their capacity for high and sustained long run growth. As most socialist economists of his time, he was skeptic about the possibilities of overcoming underdevelopment under capitalism. However, in contradistinction to other pioneers of development economics, Kalecki did not stress the international forces that hamper development, but put the accent rather in the internal institutions and social and political determinants. In particular, the feudal and semi-feudal conditions in agriculture, the reduced market ensuing from income concentration and widespread monopolization of the economy, and the lack of willingness of entrepreneurs to carry out the necessary investments. Accordingly, his economic policy recommendations emphasized also the domestic aspects involved.Keywords: Kalecki; development economics. JEL Classification: B2; B3; O1. Política, vol 29, nº 2 (114), pp 191-211, abril-junho/2009 Revista de Economia

The convergences between post Keynesian and developmental approaches: the post Keynesianism applied to emerging countries

“…Regarding interventionism, we can already put this as a characteristic present in the post Keynesian theory, since this one advocates the realization of public investment (or subsidy to mass consumption) stimulating private investment to solve problems of low aggregate demand levels (counter-cyclical policy). Regarding the aspect of national project, when we observe that Kalecki clearly has an idea that the emerging countries must increase their productive capacity by putting as possibilities for this: government expenditures (in public investment or subsidy for mass consumption), stimulation of private investment or redistributing income (López, Puchet and Assous, 2009); demonstrate a strategy in which the nation is placed as a focus, seeking to increase its productive capacity at the developed countries level. Such a set of possibilities together with Kalecki's (1966) presentation in his work -even considering political and institutional obstacles that should be encountered in carrying out the reforms that were necessary according to himshow the existence of a plan that should be executed by the government.…”

“…as highlighted by Lopez, Puchet and Assous (2009). López, Puchet and Assous (2009) point out that Kalecki had strategies for economic growth in both the short and long term. In the short term, seeking the sufficient domestic demand growth to maintain the full employment of the labor force and capital goods, Kaleckian theory stands out three possibilities of reaching this point: government spending (financed by budget deficits) in public investment or subsidy for mass consumption, stimulation of private investment, and redistribution of the highest classes to the lowest.…”