Quantitative evaluation of experimental choroidal neovascularization by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy: fluorescein angiogram parallels heparan sulfate proteoglycan expression

Bilateral Macular Hole After Anti–vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy in a Patient With Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration

“…6 This imbalance could induce preretinal fibrosis and a tangential contraction, resulting in MH formation. Additionally, the subretinal hemorrhage in the right eye ( Figure 1) may have increased tangential pressure in the subretinal space, promoting dehiscence of the fovea.…”

Role of heparan sulfate in ocular diseases

“…Similar to how HS has a potential interaction with CFH in its facilitation of AMD, it is possible other important players in HS-mediated ocular conditions have yet to be uncovered. There have also been reports on the upregulation of certain HSPGs in AMD (Regatieri et al 2010) and work in our laboratory suggests increased expression of HS during HSV infection (Ali et al 2012). Thus, it is also possible that HS may serve as a potential marker for the diseased state.…”

“…As briefly mentioned, syndecans, of which there are four members, and glypicans, of which there are six members, comprise the two biggest families of HSPGs expressed on cell surfaces (Iozzo 2001a). Of note, syndecan-1, -2, and -4 have been implicated in certain ocular diseases (Bacsa et al 2011; Bartlett et al 2007; Hayashida et al 2011; Park et al 2004; Regatieri et al 2010) and their specific roles will be discussed in further detail later in this review. Others, such as perlecan, agrin, and collagen XVIII, comprise those HSPGs found in the ECM.…”

“…Rat retinas with laser-induced CNV showed significant upregulation of expression profiles for both perlecan and syndecan-4 when compared to control retinas. The expression profiles of these HSPGs were found not only to depend on the presence or absence of CNV, but also on the size of the CNV lesion (Regatieri et al 2010). A previous study had suggested that the higher expression of HSPGs in CNV lesions may be linked to the endothelial dysfunction and increased capillary permeability (Jiang and Couchman 2003).…”

“…Interestingly, perlecan located on basement membranes was the most overexpressed of the HSPGs. Of significance, this particular HSPG can serve as a scaffold for blood vessel formation (Jiang and Couchman 2003), regulating the effects of angiogenic growth factors (Regatieri et al 2010). Furthermore, the upregulated expression of these HSPGs were noted on the outer layers of the retina, an area which is related to choroidal damage (Regatieri et al 2010).…”