Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), dibenzofurans (PCDF) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB): main sources, environmental behaviour and risk to man and biota

Pereira, Márcia de Souza

doi:10.1590/s0100-40422004000600018

Cited by 46 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(48 reference statements)

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“…2,3,7,3,7, Te = tetra, Pe = penta, Hx = hexa, Hp = hepta) has been determined as the most toxic man-made chemical (Pereira, 2004) and methods for the determination of this compound, along with 16 other chlorinated PCDD/Fs, are described in EPA Method 1613(1994 and in European Method EN-1948EN- (1996.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) for environmental forensic investigations in developing countries

Vos

Dixon²,

Vermeulen³

et al. 2011

Chemosphere

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a b s t r a c tThe disposal and dumping of toxic waste is a matter of growing concern in developing countries, including South Africa. Frequently these countries do not possess access to gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) for the determination of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This publication describes an alternative approach to the investigation of toxic waste using comprehensive gas chromatography coupled to time of flight mass spectrometry (GC Â GC-TOFMS). The technology permits both comprehensive screening of toxic samples for numerous classes of organic pollutants and also quantitative analysis for the individual compounds. This paper describes the use of this technique by analysing samples obtained from a hazardous waste treatment facility in South Africa. After sampling and extraction the samples were analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and four dioxin-like non-ortho substituted polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The quantitative values, as well as detection limits, obtained using the GC Â GC-TOFMS methodology compares well with those obtained using GC-HRMS; the accepted benchmark technology for this analysis. Although GC Â GC-TOFMS is not a target compound analytical technique (as is GC-HRMS), it is possible to obtain information on numerous other classes of organic pollutants present in the samples in one analytical run. This is not possible with GC-HRMS. Several different column combinations have been investigated for handling very complex waste samples and suggestions are presented for the most suitable combination.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) for environmental forensic investigations in developing countries

Vos

Dixon²,

Vermeulen³

et al. 2011

Chemosphere

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“…186,187 PCBs are produced in industrial scale and used all over the world through the 1930's to 1980's as cooling/isolation fluids in closed systems like transformer and vacuum pumps, and also as fire retardants for electric/electronic equipment. 188 They can cause a variety of adverse health effects on immune system, reproductive system, nervous system and endocrine system. 189 It is difficult to degrade PCBs in the environment and organism, resulting in a worldwide distribution and persistent harms.…”

Section: -180mentioning

confidence: 99%

Review—Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensors for Food Safety and Environmental Monitoring

Tang

Zhu

Meng

et al. 2018

J. Electrochem. Soc.

150

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This article gives a review of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors for food safety and environmental pollution monitoring. It introduces the basic concepts of SERS substrates, SERS enhancement factors and mechanisms, SERS probes/labels, molecular recognition elements as well as optofluidic SERS devices (SERS sensors integrated with microfluidics). This article places an emphasis on the design strategies of various SERS sensors by utilizing fingerprinting SERS spectra or by using SERS probes. It highlights the applications of SERS sensors in detection of heavy metals (such as Hg 2+ , Pb 2+ , Cd 2+ and As 3+ ), inorganic anions (nitrite, nitrate, perchlorate and fluoride), toxic small molecules (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, polychlorinated biphenyls, herbicides, pesticides, antibiotics and food additives), as well as pathogens (bacteria and viruses Food safety and environment pollution are among great challenges in the human society. There are some common pollutants in the environment and food, such as heavy metals, nitrites, phosphates, pesticides, herbicides, antibiotics, hormone, pathogens and other additives. Some pollutants initially are released into the environment, and then accumulate in the food chain, and enter human bodies. Uptake of pollutants by human poses a threat to human health to different extents. 1,2Hence it is essential to monitor pollutants in the environment and food. Currently pollutants are typically measured with various laboratorybased techniques, such as atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence spectrum, inductively coupled plasma and ion-coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, analytical profile index (API), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).3-7 Although these techniques have high sensitivity and accuracy, they rely on expensive instruments and require professional to treat samples and operate instruments in centralized laboratories. Additionally, analysis generally takes several hours to days. For example, 0.024 ppb of Hg 2+ and 0.023 ppb of As 3+ in drinking water can be detected using atomic absorption spectroscopy with a two-step electrothermal atomizer and hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry, respectively. 8,9 However, they need multiple sample preconcentration processing and expensive instruments. PCR can improve the number of the target while ELISA can produce amplified recognition signal, which could both improve the detection sensitivity to pathogens. For example, oligonucleotide microarray with combination of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots as fluorescent labels shown high specificity and sensitivity of 10 colony forming units (CFU)/mL. 10 However, the complicated procedures are very time-consuming, and the method is also vulnerable to contamination. These laboratory-based techniques cannot meet the critical need of rapid on-site measurement of pollutants. Therefore, it is essential to develop portable sensors f...

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“…Quimicamente, são caracterizados por dois anéis benzênicos unidos por uma ligação C-C, tendo a fórmula geral de C 12 H (10-n) Cl n (1=n=10). Suas moléculas podem apresentar diversas substituições em relação à quantidade de átomos de cloro, variando de 1 a 10 átomos, podendo ser obtidas até 209 estruturas diferentes, denominadas de congêneres (PEREIRA, 2004;ERICKSON & KALEY II, 2011). Os anéis de benzeno podem girar em torno da ligação que os une, resultando em duas conformações espaciais: planar ou coplanar.…”

Section: Características Gerais Dos Bifenilos Policloradosunclassified

“…Os PCBs são inflamáveis a altas temperaturas e os produtos de sua combustão podem ser muito mais perigosos do que o produto original, como os furanos (PCDFs). A combustão dos produtos de grau técnico contendo PCBs e benzenos clorados, como os fluídos dielétricos, pode também produzir as dioxinas (PCDDs) (WHO, 2003;PEREIRA, 2004). Segundo a legislação do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (BRASIL, 2002), todo sistema de tratamento térmico para resíduos industriais deverá atingir a taxa de eficiência de destruição e remoção (EDR) superior ou igual a 99,99% para os PCBs, com as câmaras Ciência Rural, v.42, n.3, mar, 2012. operando a uma temperatura mínima de 800°C.…”

Section: Características Gerais Dos Bifenilos Policloradosunclassified

Aspectos toxicológicos e ocorrência dos bifenilos policlorados em alimentos

Mohr

Costabeber

2012

Cienc. Rural

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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), dibenzofurans (PCDF) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB): main sources, environmental behaviour and risk to man and biota

Cited by 46 publications

References 25 publications

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) for environmental forensic investigations in developing countries

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) for environmental forensic investigations in developing countries

Review—Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensors for Food Safety and Environmental Monitoring

Aspectos toxicológicos e ocorrência dos bifenilos policlorados em alimentos

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