More about the role of 2,6-dichlorophenol in tick courtship: identification and olfactometer bioassay in Amblyomma cajennense and Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Louly, Carla Cristina Braz; Silveira, Diana da Nóbrega; Soares, Sara Fernandes; Ferri, Pedro Henrique; Melo, Ariane Carla Campos de; Borges, Lígia Miranda Ferreira

doi:10.1590/s0074-02762008000100009

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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Section: Comparison Of Two Methods To Quantify 26-dichlorophenol Fromentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, recent studies have contested a previous consideration that females of this species do not produce a sex pheromone as consequence of positive isolation and identification of the chlorinated phenol, 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP). 5, 6 2,6-DCP is a highly volatile component that stimulates the detachment of metastriate males from the host to begin searching for emitting females. 7 In some species, it acts solely as an attractant sex pheromone with steryl esters serving as the cue for final recognition and mounting of female ticks by males, 8,9 whereas in others it also doubles up as the mounting sex pheromone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 In some species, it acts solely as an attractant sex pheromone with steryl esters serving as the cue for final recognition and mounting of female ticks by males, 8,9 whereas in others it also doubles up as the mounting sex pheromone. 6,10 Thus this component may be used for multiple purposes in the control of A. cajennense, such as confounding males or mimicking females for sexual interruption. 11,12 Sex pheromone research has progressed steadily towards the point where quantification of component release rates or amounts from both natural and synthetic sources is essential.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hypothesis was that the higher orientation responses of A. cajennense to septa impregnated with 2,6-DCP in comparison to females probably occurred because the concentrations tested were many times higher than those released by females. 6 In this study we quantified 2,6-DCP from A. cajennense using gas chromatographymass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring method (GC/MS-SIM). For this purpose, internal standard and standard addition methods were used for the measurement of 2,6-DCP in the hexane extract of attractive females from two tick populations.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6,10,[18][19][20] However, confirmatory reports of 2,6-DCP's role as a sexattraction pheromone are fewer and conclusive in only eight species, including A. cajennense. 6,10,[21][22][23] In R. microplus, cell responses to 2,6-DCP were not followed by any evidence of behavioral reaction.18 Whereas most reports allude to 2,6-DCP in feeding females, other studies have showed phenol from unfed females, 16 unfed males, and larvae in R. appendiculatus and R. microplus.18 Nevertheless, it is in females of the Ixodidae species following the onset of feeding that the role of 2,6-DCP has been elucidated. A. cajennense males have oriented themselves toward the females and the septa impregnated with 2,6-DCP, apparently recognizing them as copula partners with a degree of mounting and ventral positioning in both cases, 6 even though quantities impregnated on the rubber septa were many times higher than those determined in females in this work.…”

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Comparison of two methods to quantify 2,6-dichlorophenol from tick Amblyomma cajennense by GC/MS-SIM

Gachoka¹,

Costa²,

Louly³

et al. 2010

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Amblyomma cajennense (Acari: Ixodidae) é um carrapato de grande importância sócio-econômica no subcontinente Sul-Americano. Apesar disso, pouco se conhece acerca de sua ecologia química, cuja informação é crucial para o seu controle. Nesse estudo, 2,6-diclorofenol (2,6-DCP), o feromônio sexual de A. cajennense foi quantificado por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas no modo de análise por monitoramento seletivo de íons (CG/EM-MSI) a partir de fêmeas alimentadas em coelhos durante 6 dias. O extrato do feromônio sexual foi obtido pela exposição ao ultrassom de fêmeas virgens em hexano em duas amostras independentes. Nenhum pré-tratamento da amostra foi necessário. Os métodos de adição padrão (SA) e de curva de calibração com 5-bromo-4-hidróxi-3-metóxibenzaldeído (5-BrV) como padrão interno (IS) foram utilizados para a quantificação. O conteúdo de 2,6-DCP não apresentou diferença significativa entre os extratos e/ou métodos utilizados. Os resultados mostraram que as faixas de concentração de 2,6-DCP por fêmea foram de 2,03-2,27 ng mL -1 e de 2,06-2,24 ng mL -1 para os métodos SA e IS, respectivamente. Os métodos mostraram ser específicos, sensíveis e fidedignos na determinação de 2,6-DCP em carrapatos.Amblyomma cajennense (Acari: Ixodidae) is a tick of socioeconomic importance in the South American sub-continent. Nevertheless, little is known pertaining to its chemical ecology, information deemed crucial to its management. In this study, the tick sex pheromone 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP) was quantified from A. cajennense fed on rabbits for 6 days by use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode (GC/MS-SIM). The sex pheromone extract was obtained by the exposure of attractive females to hexane and ultrasound probe in two independent samples. Clean-up was not necessary. Standard addition method (SA) and calibration curve with 5-bromine-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (5-BrV) as an internal standard (IS) were employed in the quantification. 2,6-DCP contents did not show significant differences between extracts and/or methods. Results showed that the concentration range of sex pheromone per female were 2.03-2.27 ng mL -1 and 2.06-2.24 ng mL -1 for SA and IS methods, respectively. The methods provide a specific, sensitive and reliable technique for determining 2,6-DCP levels in ticks.Keywords: Amblyomma cajennense, tick sex pheromone, 2,6-dichlorophenol, GC/MS-SIM, internal standard, standard addition IntroductionAmblyomma cajennense Fabricius (Acari: Ixodidae) is a three-host tick of great socioeconomic importance. Though mainly a parasite of equines, A. cajennense attacks humans and a diverse range of other animals, both wild and domesticated. It is also a vector of the etiologic agent for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Rickettsia rickettsii, in humans and animals living in the region.3 This tick species seems to expand continually in areas where it was Gachoka et al. 1643 Vol. 21, No. 9, 2010 previously unimportant, with recent reports of its spread from the ...

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Section: Comparison Of Two Methods To Quantify 26-dichlorophenol Fromentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of two methods to quantify 2,6-dichlorophenol from tick Amblyomma cajennense by GC/MS-SIM

Gachoka¹,

Costa²,

Louly³

et al. 2010

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Pheromones of Terrestrial Invertebrates

Francke

Schulz

2010

Comprehensive Natural Products II

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Electrophysiological responses of the olfactory receptors of the tick Amblyomma cajennense (Acari: Ixodidae) to host-related and tick pheromone-related synthetic compounds

Soares

Borges

2012

Acta Tropica

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In the present study, host-related and tick pheromone-related chemical compounds were tested by means of the tip-recording technique in order to obtain electrophysiological responses in olfactory sensilla of non-fed Amblyomma cajennense ticks. The following chemicals were tested on the multiporose sensilla DI.1, located anterior to Haller's organ, and the sensillum DII.1, in the anterior pit of this organ: isobutyric acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, trans-2-heptenal, heptanal, benzaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, nonanal, m-, o- and p-tolualdehyde, 2-furaldehyde, 3-pentanone, γ-valerolactone and 1-octen-3-ol (which are all vertebrate-associated volatiles); and 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP), 2-nitrophenol, methyl salicylate and nonanoic acid (tick pheromone components). These were used at 10(-3)M and 10(-2)M on at least 10 ticks per substance, and the chemicals that were found to be active at these concentrations were then tested as a series from 10(-6)M to 10(-2)M, in decadic steps, on at least 15 ticks per substance. 2,6-DCP was active on both sensilla, with detection thresholds of 10(-6)M on the DI.1 sensillum and 10(-4)M on the DII.1 sensillum. The olfactory neurons of this sensillum also responded to nonanal at the highest concentration used (10(-2)M), while those of DII.1 responded not only to 2.6 DCP but also to 2-nitrophenol (to the same extent as to 2,6-DCP) and to 1-octen-3-ol. These results confirm the importance of 2,6-DCP in the chemical ecology of A. cajennense and indicate other compounds that may interfere with the behavior of this tick and which should be investigated.

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More about the role of 2,6-dichlorophenol in tick courtship: identification and olfactometer bioassay in Amblyomma cajennense and Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Abstract: This study aimed to identify 2,

Cited by 18 publications

References 21 publications

Comparison of two methods to quantify 2,6-dichlorophenol from tick Amblyomma cajennense by GC/MS-SIM

Comparison of two methods to quantify 2,6-dichlorophenol from tick Amblyomma cajennense by GC/MS-SIM

Pheromones of Terrestrial Invertebrates

Electrophysiological responses of the olfactory receptors of the tick Amblyomma cajennense (Acari: Ixodidae) to host-related and tick pheromone-related synthetic compounds

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