Clinical and immunopathological spectrum of American cutaneous leishmaniasis with special reference to the disease in Amazonian Brazil: a review

Sílveira, Fernando Tobias; Lainson, Ralph; Corbett, Carlos Eduardo Pereira

doi:10.1590/s0074-02762004000300001

Cited by 290 publications

(324 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Finally, parasites of the subgenus Viannia, especially L. [V.] braziliensis, have been identified as the major etiologic agent of ICL. The histology of this picture normally shows a nodular infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the dermis, with rare macrophages and parasites (Table 1) [11,12].…”

Section: Cutaneous Leishmaniasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmaniasis in travelers: A literature review

Mansueto

Seidita

Vitale

et al. 2014

Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease

108

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Summary Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne protozoan infection whose clinical spectrum ranges from asymptomatic infection to fatal visceral leishmaniasis. Over the last decades, an increase in imported leishmaniasis cases in developed, non-endemic countries, have been pointed-out from a review of the international literature. Among the possible causes are increasing international tourism, influx of immigrants from endemic regions and military operations. The main area for the acquisition of cutaneous leishmaniasis, especially for adventure travelers on long-term trips in highly-endemic forested areas, is represented from South America, whereas popular Mediterranean destinations are emerging as the main areas to acquire visceral variant. Leishmaniasis should be considered in the diagnostic assessment of patients presenting with a compatible clinical syndrome and a history of travel to an endemic area, even if this occurred several months or years before. Adventure travelers, researchers, military personnel, and other groups of travelers likely to be exposed to sand flies in endemic areas, should receive counseling regarding leishmaniasis and appropriate protective measures. ª

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Section: Cutaneous Leishmaniasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmaniasis in travelers: A literature review

Mansueto

Seidita

Vitale

et al. 2014

Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease

108

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“…Approximately 200,000-400,000 new visceral leishmaniasis cases and 700,000-1,200,000 new cutaneous leishmaniasis cases occur each year worldwide (1). Leishmania amazonensis belongs to the Leishmania mexicana complex and causes localized cutaneous and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (2). These parasites often hijack the host's innate immune response to establish a successful infection, particularly in macrophages.…”

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confidence: 99%

The integrated endoplasmic reticulum stress response in Leishmania amazonensis macrophage infection: the role of X‐box binding protein 1 transcription factor

et al. 2015

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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress triggers the integrated ER-stress response (IERSR) that ensures cellular survival of ER stress and represents a primordial form of innate immunity. We investigated the role of IERSR during Leishmania amazonensis infection. Treatment of RAW 264.7 infected macrophages with the ER stress-inducing agent thapsigargin (TG; 1 mM) increased L. amazonensis infectivity in an IFN1-a receptor (IFNAR)-dependent manner. In Western blot assays, we showed that L. amazonensis activates the inositol-requiring enzyme (IRE1)/ X-box binding protein (XBP)-1-splicing arms of the IERSR in host cells. In chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, we showed an increased occupancy of enhancer and promoter sequences for the Ifnb gene by XBP1 in infected RAW 264.7 cells. Knocking down XBP1 expression by transducing RAW 264.7 cells with the short hairpin XBP1 lentiviral vector significantly reduced the parasite proliferation associated with impaired translocation of phosphorylated IFN regulatory transcription factor (IRF)-3 to the nucleus and a decrease in IFN1-b expression. Knocking down XBP1 expression also increased NO concentration, as determined by Griess reaction and reduced the expression of antioxidant genes, such as heme oxygenase (HO)-1, that protect parasites from oxidative stress. We conclude that L. amazonensis activation of XBP1 plays a critical role in infection by protecting the parasites from oxidative stress and increasing IFN1-b expression.-

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“…L. amazonensis infection leads to a spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from a single cutaneous lesion to diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, a clinical form that is usually refractory to treatment and is associated with the absence of Leishmania-antigen-specific cell-mediated immune responses (Convit et al 1993). There is evidence that L. amazonensis is able to suppress the potentially effective immune responses of the host (Silveira et al 2004) and that interleukin (IL)-10 contributes, at least in part, to the compromised parasite-specific immunity in L. amazonensisinfected hosts (Jones et al 2002, Ji et al 2003.…”

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confidence: 99%

Kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 exacerbates infection with Leishmania amazonensis in murine macrophages

Lacerda

Cysne-Finkelstein

Nunes

et al. 2012

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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In Leishmania amazonensis, kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 (KMP-11) expression increases during metacyclogenesis and is higher in amastigotes than in promastigotes, suggesting a role for this protein in the infection of the mammalian host. We show that the addition of KMP-11 exacerbates L. amazonensis infection in peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice by increasing interleukin (IL)-10 secretion and arginase activity while reducing nitric oxide (NO) production. The doses of KMP-11, the IL-10 levels and the intracellular amastigote loads were strongly, positively and significantly correlated. The increase in parasite load induced by KMP-11 was inhibited by anti-KMP-11 or anti-IL-10 neutralising antibodies, but not by isotype controls. The neutralising antibodies, but not the isotype controls, were also able to significantly decrease the parasite load in macrophages cultured without the addition of KMP-11, demonstrating that KMP-11-induced exacerbation of the infection is not dependent on the addition of exogenous KMP-11 and that the protein naturally expressed by the parasite is able to promote it. In this study, the exacerbating effect of KMP-11 on macrophage infection with Leishmania is for the first time demonstrated, implicating it as a virulence factor in L. amazonensis. The stimulation of IL-10 production and arginase activity and the inhibition of NO synthesis are likely involved in this effect

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Clinical and immunopathological spectrum of American cutaneous leishmaniasis with special reference to the disease in Amazonian Brazil: a review

Cited by 290 publications

References 49 publications

Leishmaniasis in travelers: A literature review

Leishmaniasis in travelers: A literature review

The integrated endoplasmic reticulum stress response in Leishmania amazonensis macrophage infection: the role of X‐box binding protein 1 transcription factor

Kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 exacerbates infection with Leishmania amazonensis in murine macrophages

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