Amazonian visceral leishmaniasis - distribution of the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz &amp; Neiva) in relation to the fox cerdocyon thous (Linn) and the efficiency of this reservoir host as a source of infection

Lainson, Ralph; Dye, Chris; Shaw, Jeffrey Jon; Macdonald, David W.; Courtenay, Orin; Souza, Álvaro Nogueira de; Sílveira, Fernando Tobias

doi:10.1590/s0074-02761990000100027

Cited by 93 publications

(51 citation statements)

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“…longipalpis females have catholic feeding habits and quickly invade such habitations: thus, in an epidemiological investigation of cases of AVL along the forest-fringed Igarapé Miri-Tucuruí highway this sandfly was found in the chicken houses of numerous widely separated houses only 18 months after the road had been opened (Lainson, Shaw, Silveira & Souza, unpublished observations). Finally, even more conclusive evidence came from studies in the municipality of Salvaterra, Island of Marajó, Pará, in a focus of AVL (Lainson et al 1990). Using CDC light-traps variously placed over caged chicken, a fox, and sawdust impregnated with the urine and faeces of a fox, attempts were made to capture Lu.…”

Section: Lu Longipalpis: the Major Vector Of Avlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…longipalpis could readily be infected when fed on a fox suffering from an acute infection with L. i. chagasi, it remained to show that apparently healthy foxes with an occult infection could also serve as a source of infection for these sandflies. Lainson et al (1990) infected laboratory-bred Lu. longipalpis with a fox strain of the parasite by feeding them on a blood-suspended triturate of heavily infected hamster spleen, through a chick-skin membrane.…”

Section: Amazonian Avl: Indigenous or Introduced?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lutzomyia longipalpis and the eco-epidemiology of American visceral leishmaniasis, with particular reference to Brazil: a review

Lainson

Rangel

2005

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Section: Lu Longipalpis: the Major Vector Of Avlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Amazonian Avl: Indigenous or Introduced?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lutzomyia longipalpis and the eco-epidemiology of American visceral leishmaniasis, with particular reference to Brazil: a review

Lainson

Rangel

2005

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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390

238

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“…Transmission of the parasite in these animals of northern Brazil is considered to be maintained by the phlebotomine sandfly vector Lutzomyia longipalpis 19,32 . This silvatic enzootic, it has been suggested, was probably the origin of the major foci of human AVL in this region 14 , principally in the State of Pará where the ecology and epidemiology of the disease has been studied during the last sixty years 5,15 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is of particular interest that infection was transmitted experimentally to an uninfected fox by the bites of infected L. longipalpis, that this animal also showed no visible signs infection, and that it was possible to infect further L. longipalpis fed on it. Finally, the presence of amastigotes in the animal's skin was demonstrated by the infection of hamsters inoculated with a triturate of this tissue 19 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi in Amazonian Brazil: comparison of the parasite density from the skin, lymph node and visceral tissues between symptomatic and asymptomatic, seropositive dogs

Lima

Carneiro

Campos

et al. 2010

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is recognizable by characteristic signs of disease and is highly lethal. The infection, however, may be quite inapparent in some seropositive dogs, and this has raised the polemic question as to whether or not such animals can be a source of infection for Lutzomyia longipalpis, the vector of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL). In this study we have examined 51 dogs with acute CVL from an AVL area in Pará State, northern Brazil, and compared the parasite density, amastigotes of Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi, in the skin, lymph node and viscera of symptomatic with that of nine asymptomatic but seropositive dogs (IFAT-IgG). Post-mortem biopsy fragments of these tissues were processed by immunohistochemistry, using a polyclonal antibody against Leishmania sp. The X² and Mann Whitney tests were used to evaluate the means of infected macrophage density (p < 0.05). There was no difference (p > 0.05) in the skin (10.7/mm² x 15.5/mm²) and lymph node (6.3/mm² x 8.3/mm²), between asymptomatic and symptomatic dogs, respectively. It was higher (p < 0.05), however, in the viscera of symptomatic (5.3/mm²) than it was in asymptomatic (1.4/mm²) dogs. These results strongly suggest that asymptomatic or symptomatic L. (L.) i. chagasi-infected dogs can serve as a source of infection, principally considering the highest (p < 0.05) parasite density from skin (10.7/mm² x 15.5/mm²), the place where the vetor L. longipalpis takes its blood meal, compared with those from lymph node (6.3/mm² x 8.3/mm²) and viscera (1.4/mm²x 5.3/mm²).

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“…It is likely that both low parasite burden and low infectivity due to a subclinical state are the common traits of reservoir hosts. In the New World, high transmission rates pertain to canids (Lainson et al 1990, Travi et al 2000 and more recently to humans (Costa et al 2000) infected with L. chagasi, suggesting that reservoir infectivity may depend both on Leishmania species and progression toward overt disease. Therefore, high mammal-vector transmission rates of cutaneous L. (Viannia) spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility of spiny rats (Proechimys semispinosus) to Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi

Travi

Arteaga

León

et al. 2002

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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The role of Proechimys semispinosus as reservoir of Leishmania (Viannia) Key words: spiny rats -Leishmania -reservoir -experimental infection Spiny rats (Proechimys spp.) are parasitized by a variety of Leishmania species, including L. aristidesi and recognized pathogenic species such as L. guyanensis, L. amazonensis, and L. mexicana s.l. Although these rodents have been incriminated as natural hosts for pathogenic species in several endemic foci in South America, encompassing Brazil, French Guiana, Venezuela and Trinidad (Lainson et al. 1979, WHO 1990, their reservoir role still needs to be established.In Colombia, information on spiny rats and their relationships with both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis is fragmentary. P. semispinosus is the most abundant small mammal inhabiting tropical wet forests of the Colombian Pacific coast where cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic (Weigle et al. 1986, Gonzalez & Alberico 1993. In the Northern region of the country, another species of spiny rat, P. canicollis, is infected with L. chagasi in tropical dry forests and areas of subsistence agriculture where the original forest has been extensively degraded .Incriminating wild animals as Leishmania reservoirs is based on several biological parameters, among which natural infection, population dynamics, and interactions with and infectivity to vectors are of capital importance. In the present study, using an experimental approach, we evaluated the potential role of P. semispinosus as a reservoir of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. (V.) panamensis. Also, we determined the susceptibility of this species to L. (L.) chagasi to evaluate the utility of this rodent as a model of reservoir host that could be utilized in the laboratory. MATERIALS AND METHODSCollection of spiny rats and quarantine -Spiny rats from the Pacific lowlands of Colombia (Tumaco, Nariño; 1°48'N,78°46'W) were captured with National-type traps, after the appropriate permission from the departmental agency for the protection of wild fauna (Corponariño) was obtained. Approximately 100 trapping stations were established in areas of secondary forest, where banana, plantain and cocoa are grown. The traps were baited with plantain, set before dusk, and inspected at dawn. To avoid excessive stress and self-inflicted wounds, the animals were transferred immediately to transport cages of aluminum walls, where access to food and water was provided. Specimens were transported by air to the central laboratory in Cali and quarantined for 8 weeks in the vivarium. An individual coprological analysis was conducted, and an anti-parasitic treatment [ivermectin (Virbamec®), and propoxur (Bolfo®)] was implemented. A blood sample (0.5 ml), drawn by intracardial puncture, was cultured in NNN and Senekjie's media to detect natural infections with Leishmania or Trypanosoma. Serum was collected for detecting antibodies against the same parasites by means of ELISA. Total IgG antibodies were determined in serum (diluted 1:100) using a soluble T. cruzi or L. panamensis

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Amazonian visceral leishmaniasis - distribution of the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva) in relation to the fox cerdocyon thous (Linn) and the efficiency of this reservoir host as a source of infection

Cited by 93 publications

References 0 publications

Lutzomyia longipalpis and the eco-epidemiology of American visceral leishmaniasis, with particular reference to Brazil: a review

Lutzomyia longipalpis and the eco-epidemiology of American visceral leishmaniasis, with particular reference to Brazil: a review

Canine visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi in Amazonian Brazil: comparison of the parasite density from the skin, lymph node and visceral tissues between symptomatic and asymptomatic, seropositive dogs

Susceptibility of spiny rats (Proechimys semispinosus) to Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi

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