1987
DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761987000800004
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Abstract: The complex immunological relationships between schistosomes and their vertebrate hosts are considered to be conveniently divisible into four distinct, though interrelated categories: the parasite's vulnerability to, its evasion of, and its exploitation of the host's immune response, and its stimulation of the host's immune response to produce immunopathology. Some significant recent advances in the first three categories are discussed, as well as their relationships to the fourth category of immunopathology.

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Cited by 7 publications
(6 citation statements)
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“…Furthermore, after 21 days, almost all larvae recovered were L3. The exploitation of hosts' immune response by the parasite was discussed by Damian [28], and the encapsulation of A. costaricensis in veronicellidae slugs has been considered an example of such a process [29]. …”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Furthermore, after 21 days, almost all larvae recovered were L3. The exploitation of hosts' immune response by the parasite was discussed by Damian [28], and the encapsulation of A. costaricensis in veronicellidae slugs has been considered an example of such a process [29]. …”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…38 Considerably reduced rates of excretion of S. mansoni eggs in T-helper cell-deprived mice have been observed compared with immunologically intact controls, and that the transfer of serum containing anti-egg antigen antibodies partially restored egg excretion. 39 It has also been observed that S. mansoni human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive patients excreted fewer S. mansoni eggs than did S. mansoni HIV-seronegative patients.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…40 These observations are compatible with the hypothesis that schistosome eggs exit the human host through the requisite facilitation of functional immune responses. 38,40 An important example of immune exploitation is the use of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-␣) by schistosomes for the laying and excretion of eggs. 41 We add to this literature the idea that the immune response, including production of immuno-regulatory proteins such as TNF-␣, may be determined by host genetic factors 42 and that the complex nature of this host-parasite interaction is best captured by a model of polygenic inheritance, in which the aggregate effect of multiple loci are modeled on the trait.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These regulatory effects are required for the long-term survival of adult worms within the host 13 , but inflammation against egg antigens is also required in order for eggs to migrate from mesenteric blood vessels, through the tissues and into the intestinal lumen 14 . Interactions between helminths and HIV, mediated by immunological mechanisms, may therefore be especially important for schistosomiasis.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%