Dirofilariose sub-cutanea dos cães no Brasil

Lent, Herman; Freitas, Jailza

doi:10.1590/s0074-02761937000300007

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…This benign, but more zoonotic dirofilariasis is only described in the Old World. In America, a few doubtful cases of D. repens were reported [53][54][55] wherein a lack of information was provided on the origin of the dogs examined. The possibility that this is an imported case cannot be ruled out.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Canine Vector-Borne Filariasis and Their Wolbachia Endosymbionts in French Guiana

et al. 2020

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In French Guiana, canine heartworm disease is well known, but the diversity of filarial parasites of dogs remains largely unknown. A total of 98 canine blood samples from Cayenne and Kourou were assessed by a blood wet mount preparation, heartworm antigen test and molecular exploration of filarioid and Wolbachia DNAs, followed by a multiplex species-specific qPCR’s identification and a subsequent sequencing analysis. Thereafter, a phylogeny based on maximum likelihood was carried out to facilitate specific identification. Five dogs were microfilaremic. Heartworm antigens were detected in 15 (15.3%) dogs. Of these, six (6.1%) were considered as occult infections as neither microfilariae nor Dirofilaria immitis DNA were detected. The 11 (11.2%) D. immitis isolates corresponded to a low virulent strain. Six of the D. immitis isolates were positive for Wolbachia endosymbionts of D. immitis belonging to the clade C DNA. Acanthocheilonema reconditum DNA was detected in 3 (3.1%) samples. Of these latter, one was found co-infected with the Brugia sp. genotype and the DNA of the clade D of the Wolbachia endosymbiont of Brugia species. This latter was also detected in two filarioid DNA-free samples. Finally, two samples were positive for Cercopithifilaria bainae genotype, which is distinct from those identified in Europe. The present study highlights the urgent need to implement chemoprophylaxis associated with anti-Wolbachia drugs to control these potential zoonoses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Canine Vector-Borne Filariasis and Their Wolbachia Endosymbionts in French Guiana

et al. 2020

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“…In particular, 1 ml of blood was processed according to the modified Knott's technique (Balbo and Panichi, 1968) and mfs found in the samples were identified at species level using morphometric criteria, counted and the burden expressed as mfs per ml of blood (mfs/ml). The morphological diagnostic characters were compared with measurements and features of the most common filarioids retrieved in dogs in Italy, namely, D. immitis, D. repens and A. reconditum (Fülleborn, 1912; Bernard and Bausche, 1913; Lent and Freitas, 1937; Olmeda-Garcia and Rodriguez-Rodriguez, 1994).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New insights into the ecology and biology of Acanthocheilonema reconditum (Grassi, 1889) causing canine subcutaneous filariosis

et al. 2012

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In spite of its wide distribution among dogs and the evidence of its implication as a zoonotic agent, scant information is available on the biology of Acanthocheilonema reconditum (Spirurida, Onchocercidae). In this study, blood samples from 152 Sicilian dogs were examined for A. reconditum microfilariae at the beginning of the study and 1 year later. The periodicity of microfilaraemia was investigated by bleeding 2 highly microfilaraemic dogs twice a day for 10 days and, later on, every 2 weeks for 1 year and a third animal every 3 h for 96 h. Fleas and ticks infesting dogs were collected and dissected for the detection of A. reconditum larvae. The prevalence of infestation was 11·2% (17/152) and 13·3% (16/120) at the beginning and at the end of the study, with a 1 year cumulative incidence of 5·9%. Although dogs bled twice a day showed a higher number of microfilariae in most of the morning samples, the absence of any circadian rhythm was suggested by data of the third experiment conducted by bleeding a dog every 3 h for 4 days. A. reconditum developing forms were detected in 5·1% (4/78) of dissected fleas, but not in any of the 272 ticks. The study provides new insights into the biology and ecology of this dog filarioid in its definitive and intermediate hosts.

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“…Dirofilarial infections are vector-borne parasitic diseases mainly of dogs, cats, and wild carnivores caused by Dirofilaria ( Noctiella ) repens and D. immitis. D. repens is endemic in many countries of the Old World but has not yet been found in the Americas (reports from Brazil and Peru [ 1 , 2 ] are doubtful and need confirmation), while D. immitis infections have a worldwide distribution [ 3 ]. The two parasites were confused for many years and it was assumed that D. immitis worms could be found both in the pulmonary artery and in subcutaneous tissues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subcutaneous dirofilariosis (Dirofilaria repens): an infection spreading throughout the old world

2017

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BackgroundTwo main Dirofilaria species infect dogs: D. immitis and D. repens. While D. immitis has a worldwide distribution, D. repens is currently found only in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Adult D. repens are located in subcutaneous tissues of natural hosts where they survive for long periods of time. First-stage larvae, microfilariae, circulate in the peripheral bloodstream, where they are taken up by the mosquito intermediate hosts. Infected mosquitoes then transmit infective third-stage (L3) larvae to new hosts through the blood meal. In dogs, most infections are asymptomatic, although cutaneous disorders such as pruritus, dermal swelling, subcutaneous nodules, and ocular conjunctivitis can be observed. Currently, two factors have increased the concerns about this parasitic infection 1) its spread throughout the European countries and to other continents and its prevalence in dog populations, where in some cases it has overcome D. immitis; and 2) its zoonotic potential, which is much greater than that of D. immitis.ResultsDifferent hypotheses can be put forward to explain these concerns. First, climate change has allowed more favorable conditions for survival of culicid vectors. Second, accidental hosts such as humans may have a less efficient immune reaction against a parasite that is located in subcutaneous tissues, and thus less exposed to the host’s immune response than, for instance, D. immitis. Furthermore, the absence of clinical signs in the majority of canine infections and the difficulty in diagnosing the infection, due to the lack of serologic tests and thus the reliance on the identification of microfilariae and differentiation from D. immitis to confirm the presence of the parasite, favor the further spread of this species. Finally, among the macrocyclic lactones currently used to prevent heartworm infection, only moxidectin has been found to be fully effective against the infective larvae transmitted by mosquitoes and partially effective (efficacy 96%) against adult D. repens in experimental studies.Conclusions Dirofilaria repens infection is much more difficult than D. immitis to diagnose and control in the reservoir population (microfilaremic dogs). In addition, lack of familiarity with D. repens infection could lead to lack of vigilance underestimation for this parasite. The number of human cases in Europe and Asia is currently a serious public health concern. Medical doctors and veterinarians must collaborate closely for better control and surveillance of D. repens infection.

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Dirofilariose sub-cutanea dos cães no Brasil

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

Detection of Canine Vector-Borne Filariasis and Their Wolbachia Endosymbionts in French Guiana

Detection of Canine Vector-Borne Filariasis and Their Wolbachia Endosymbionts in French Guiana

New insights into the ecology and biology of Acanthocheilonema reconditum (Grassi, 1889) causing canine subcutaneous filariosis

Subcutaneous dirofilariosis (Dirofilaria repens): an infection spreading throughout the old world

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