Hexachlorophene as a topically applied chemical for prophylaxis against Schistosoma mansoni infections in mice

Grenan, Marie M.; Greene, Lyfford K.; Davidson, David E.; Jones, D. H.; Shedd, Tommy R.; Hiestand, Gregory

doi:10.1590/s0036-46651985000400006

Cited by 2 publications

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References 8 publications

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“…Among these, a few compounds such as N,N-diethyllauramide, niclosamide, Cederol (Fluka Chemicals Corp., Ronkonkoma, NY), hexachlorophene, dibutyl phthalate, and benzyl benzoate were found to have significant cercaricidal effect in vitro. [6][7][8][9] However, except for niclosamide, none of the other chemicals were tested for their clinical application under field conditions. 10 During one of our routine studies to screen an appropriate vehicle for skin application of Cederol against cercariae, we accidentally found that a commercially available insect repellent (Off; S. C. Johnson Inc., Racine, WI) was highly effective in preventing cercarial skin penetration.…”

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Evaluation of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) as a topical agent for preventing skin penetration by cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni.

Salafsky

Kalyanasundaram

et al. 1998

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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The effect of skin application of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) on the penetration and migration behavior of cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni was evaluated in vitro and in vivo in a mouse model. These studies showed that DEET at concentrations of 7.5% or higher was 100% effective in immobilizing and killing cercariae of S. mansoni in vitro. Ultrastructural studies on such DEET-exposed cercariae showed transformative and degenerative changes involving both tegument and deeper parenchymal structures. Fatal tissue lesions were evident as early as 5 min postexposure to DEET, and became more extensive with increasing exposure time. Cutaneous application of DEET (as a pure chemical in isopropanol or as a commercial insect repellent preparation) was more than 99% effective in preventing entry of S. mansoni cercariae into the mouse tail skin. Radiolabeling and tracer studies confirmed that 7.5% DEET applied to the skin prior to infection was highly effective in preventing schistosomular migration to the lungs.

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confidence: 99%

Evaluation of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) as a topical agent for preventing skin penetration by cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni.

Salafsky

Kalyanasundaram

et al. 1998

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Therefore, blocking entry of cercariae into the skin could potentially control the infection. Over the years, several topical agents have been evaluated for their ability to block cercarial penetration into the skin [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Some of these compounds are highly effective, but …”

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Topical application of DEET for schistosomiasis

Kalyanasundaram¹

2003

Trends in Parasitology

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N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide (also known as DEET) is a broad-spectrum insect repellent that is used extensively against both human and animal pests, worldwide. Recent studies show that topical lipid formulations of DEET, such as LipoDEET, are highly effective in killing schistosome cercariae in the skin. Minimal systemic absorption, low manufacturing cost, and a wide range of activity against insects and schistosomes potentially makes compounds such as LipoDEET an excellent prophylactic agent against human and animal schistosomiasis in endemic areas, especially for travelers, until an effective vaccine is available.An effective vaccine for human or animal schistosomiasis remains elusive, despite the high incidence of these infections in several parts of the world [1]. Schistosomiasis is a water-borne infection. The infective stages of the parasite, called cercariae, are released into fresh water by infected snails from several species such as Biomphalaria spp., Oncomelania spp. and Bulinus spp. Therefore, minimizing water contact and/or destruction of schistosome-bearing snails in endemic areas are probably the best ways to prevent this infection. Indeed, the St Lucia Island project, which involved a 15-year intense schistosomiasis control programme in St Lucia, is probably one of the greatest success stories of schistosomiasis control, indicating that it is possible to control and eradicate schistosomiasis in a well-contained region such as an island [2]. However, restricting people and animals from coming in to close contact with infected water sources in endemic are as in the mainland is an impracticable and daunting task [3]. Snail control in the mainland is probably a much more complicated preposition than that performed in an Island because of the vast area involved, cost of chemical or biological application, changing climatic conditions and several ecological problems [4]. Despite these hurdles, there are a few promising reports of partial success in the control of Schistosoma japonicum infection in mainland China and Philippines as a result of improved hygiene measures [5]. Another alternative to control schistosomiasis in endemic areas is mass chemotherapy with praziquantel, the only effective drug against schistosomiasis. Unfortunately, there are indications of potential drug resistance against praziquantel [6]. Added to this is the declining trend of reduced investment of pharmaceutical industries in drug research for tropical diseases mainly because of the high cost of drug development and registration [7]. Despite our enormous efforts directed towards schistosomiasis control during the past 50 years, schistosomiasis continues to be a global problem and there appears to be no decline in the incidence [8].Infections with schistosomes occur when cercariae penetrate and enter into the body through intact skin. Therefore, blocking entry of cercariae into the skin could potentially control the infection. Over the years, several topical agents have been evaluated for their ability to block cercarial p...

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Hexachlorophene as a topically applied chemical for prophylaxis against Schistosoma mansoni infections in mice

Cited by 2 publications

References 8 publications

Evaluation of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) as a topical agent for preventing skin penetration by cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni.

Evaluation of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) as a topical agent for preventing skin penetration by cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni.

Topical application of DEET for schistosomiasis

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