Hepatitis A antibodies in two socioeconomically distinct populations of São Paulo, Brazil

Pannuti, Cláudio Sérgio; Mendonça, João Silva de; Carvalho, Manoel J. M.; Oselka, Gabriel Wolf; Neto, Vicente Amato

doi:10.1590/s0036-46651985000300009

Cited by 25 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…The total anti-HAV prevalence in this population was 87%, similar to those observed in previous investigations carried out in low socio-economical status population (Sutmoller et al 1982, Pannuti et al 1985, Bensabath et al 1987. However, when we analyzed the anti-HAV prevalence by age group, we noted that 42.6% of children under 10 years old were susceptible to HAV infection, an unexpected pattern in areas of high prevalence of this infection.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…In Brazil, although hepatitis A is considered an endemic disease (Pannuti et al 1985, Abuzwaida et al 1987, Bensabath et al 1987, Queiroz et al 1995, data published in recent investigations carried out in the State of Rio de Janeiro revealed a shift in the hepatitis A epidemiological pattern. Improvements in life standards of some urban populations are responsible for a decrease in antibody prevalence among children and adolescents (Vitral et al 1998a,b).…”

Section: We Investigated the Seroprevalence Of Hepatitis A Virus (Havmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seroepidemiological markers of enterically transmitted viral hepatitis A and E in individuals living in a community located in the North Area of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Santos

Souto

Santos

et al. 2002

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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We investigated the seroprevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in subjects living in the community of Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and assisted Key words: hepatitis A virus -hepatitis E virus -seroprevalence -epidemiology -Rio de Janeiro -Brazil Viral hepatitis is a public health problem worldwide. Two of the agents that cause viral hepatitis are enterically transmitted: hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV).In the last years, improvements in environmental sanitation and hygienic conditions, such as piped water and sewage system, have been responsible for a decrease in the endemicity level of hepatitis A in several developing countries. In Brazil, although hepatitis A is considered an endemic disease (Pannuti et al. 1985, Abuzwaida et al. 1987, Bensabath et al. 1987, Queiroz et al. 1995, data published in recent investigations carried out in the State of Rio de Janeiro revealed a shift in the hepatitis A epidemiological pattern. Improvements in life standards of some urban populations are responsible for a decrease in antibody prevalence among children and adolescents (Vitral et al. 1998a,b).HEV infection is quite common in some geographic areas like India, Africa and Southeast Asia, where it can represent the main cause of acute hepatitis (Arankalle et al. 1995 reported in these areas (Shakhgildyan et al. 1986, CDC 1987, Belyakov et al. 1990, Zuang 1992. On the other hand, epidemiological investigations in non-endemic areas show a low, but constant presence of anti-HEV antibodies (about 1.2%) in normal human populations (Balayan et al. 1996, Psichogiou et al. 1996, Irshad 1999.In 1986, the occurrence of outbreaks of HEV infection in the Americas was recognized in Mexico (Velazquez et al. 1990). More recently, two acute cases of hepatitis E were described in Argentina (Schlauder et al. 2000). In Brazil, outbreaks of hepatitis E have never been reported, although some authors found antibodies in some population groups (Focaccia et al. 1995, Parana et al. 1997, Souto & Fontes 1998, Trinta et al. 2001.Nowadays, hepatitis A can be prevented by active immunoprophylaxis and, for a better control of infection, it is necessary to investigate its current prevalence in different areas. On the other hand, further data are needed in order to evaluate the importance of HEV infection in our country. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of HAV and HEV infections in an area where sanitary conditions were improved over the last few years. MATERIALS AND METHODSCalculation of sample size -The minimum sample size was estimated using the formula: n = Z² P Q / d², considering as n = estimated sample size; Z = reduced variable, which value is 1,96 when alpha = 0,05; P (estimated prevalence) = probability to achieve the studied phenomenon; Q (1-P) = complement of the estimated prevalence; d (desired precision) = margin of error.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: We Investigated the Seroprevalence Of Hepatitis A Virus (Havmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroepidemiological markers of enterically transmitted viral hepatitis A and E in individuals living in a community located in the North Area of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Santos

Souto

Santos

et al. 2002

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…There is a higher risk of HAV infection among homosexual men [3] and IVDU [13], both of these being high risk groups for HIV infection. A high prevalence of anti-HAV has also been observed among HIV-negative adults in developing and newly industrialized countries, such as Brazil [14].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral hepatitis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus

Pavan¹,

Aoki²,

Monteiro³

et al. 2003

Braz J Infect Dis

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From 1992 to 1995 we studied 232 (69% male, 87% Caucasian) anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) positive Brazilian patients, through a questionnaire; HIV had been acquired sexually by 50%, from blood by 32%, sexually and/or from blood by 16.4% and by an unknown route by 1.7%. Intravenous drug use was reported by 29%; it was the most important risk factor for HIV transmission. The alanine aminotransferase quotient (qALT) was >1 for 40% of the patients, 93.6% had anti-hepatitis A virus antibody, 5.3% presented hepatitis B surface antigen, 44% were anti-hepatitis B core antigen positive and 53.8% were anti-hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) positive. The anti-HCV test showed a significant association with qALT>1. Patients for whom the probable HIV transmission route was blood had a 10.8 times greater risk of being anti-HCV positive than patients infected by other routes. Among 30 patients submitted to liver biopsy, 18 presented chronic hepatitis. Key Words: Hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, alanine aminotransferase quotient, anti-hepatitis A antibody, hepatitis B surface antigen, anti-hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc).

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“…Brazil has been an area of high endemicity where infection occurs mainly in children up to 5 years of age (Pannuti et al 1985, Abuzwaida et al 1987, Bensabath et al 1987 . However with the general improvements in hygiene and sanitation standards, the level of HAV infection has declined dramatically in recent years and in some urban regions of Brazil has shifted from a high to an intermediate endemicity status.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%