Agricultural development and arthropod-borne diseases: a review

Abstract

SERVICE, M.W. Agricultural development and arthropod-borne diseases: a review. Rev. Saúde públ., S. Paulo, 25:165-78, 1991. A review is presented of the interrelationships between arthropod vectors, the diseases they transmit and agricultural development. Particular attention is given to the effects of deforestation, livestock development and irrigation on the abundance of vectors and changing patterns of diseases such as malaria, trypanosomiases, leishmaniasis, Chagas' and some arboviral infections. The question as whether keeping livestock diverts biting away from people and reduces diseases such as malaria -that is zooprophylaxis, or whether the presence of cattle actually increases biting populations is discussed.

Epidemiological profile of malaria in the state of Tocantins, Brazil, from 2003 to 2008

“…This increased participation of males and working age individuals expresses the relocation of labor in the search for employment in areas of greatest risk of transmission, where activities related to agriculture usually prevail, like livestock, hunting/fishing, mining and agricultural exploitation 4,7,14,24,28,31 .…”

The availability of potential hosts as a determinant of feeding behaviours and malaria transmission by African mosquito populations

“…However, other important determinants of EIR such as emergence rate, feeding cycle length and survival per feeding cycle also depend on the availability of hosts (Charlwood, 1986;Charlwood et al, 1986;Charlwood & Graves, 1987;Burkot et al, 1989;Graves et al, 1990;Service, 1991). Some studies have indicated that increasing livestock numbers from low to moderate densities may increase malaria transmission by increasing the emergence rate of mosquitoes (Focks et al, 1988;Sota & Mogi, 1989).…”

“…Such effects may explain the direct correlation observed between livestock ownership and malaria burden in some communities Bouma & Rowland, 1995;Mbogo et al, 1999;Ghebreyesus et al, 2000). The impacts of host availability on these other important predictors of EIR, and on its distribution, deserve more detailed study so that, among other things, the impact of livestock management on malaria transmission can be adequately understood and managed (Service, 1991;Mutero et al, 1999).…”

“…The emergence rate, feeding cycle length, survival and bloodmeal host choice of malaria vectors are all influenced by the availability of exposed bloodmeal hosts to the vector (GarrettJones, 1964;Charlwood, 1986;Charlwood et al, 1986;Burkot et al, 1989;Service, 1991;Minakawa et al, 1999). Because the entomological inoculation rate (EIR) of malaria is proportional to the square of the proportion of bloodmeals taken from humans (Q h ), it is very sensitive to changes in vector host choice (Koella, 1991;Killeen et al, 2000b).…”

“…Because the entomological inoculation rate (EIR) of malaria is proportional to the square of the proportion of bloodmeals taken from humans (Q h ), it is very sensitive to changes in vector host choice (Koella, 1991;Killeen et al, 2000b). The practice of using domestic animals, which cannot act as reservoirs, as decoy hosts for pathogentransmitting vector populations is referred to as zooprophylaxis (Service, 1991). Despite its long-standing anecdotal description and endorsement by the WHO, zooprophylaxis remains a poorly understood process, particularly for African malaria vector species .…”