O campo da energia elétrica no Brasil de 1880 a 2002

Abstract

Como a energia elétrica é um bem essencial em nossa sociedade, este artigo analisa a evolução da formação e estruturação do setor elétrico brasileiro, desde o surgimento da energia elétrica no Brasil, em 1880, até o final de 2002. A análise se faz a partir da descrição histórica linear, com cortes em fatos determinantes que são detalhados e analisados, mostrando-se os principais atores sociais, seus interesses e influência, na data desses cortes. Foi utilizada a metodologia qualitativa e o referencial da teoria institucional, com base na configuração do campo organizacional, além da análise de documentos e de entrevistas em profundidade, realizadas com dirigentes do setor que participaram dessa história. Finalmente, o artigo mostra como o ambiente externo é o principal elemento que influencia a trajetória do setor elétrico, nomeadamente quanto ao investimento ou não de recursos financeiros.

Blaming the Weather, Blaming the People: Socio-Environmental Governance and a Crisis Attitude in the Brazilian Electricity Sector

“…The electricity sector soon became a foreign monopoly; Light (English) and Amforp (American) controlled 80% of the electricity market (CMEB 2014b;BASTOS, 2007;GOMES and VIEIRA, 2009) that, between 1907and 1919, grew more than 600 percent in installed capacity, relying mainly on the use of hydropower (GOMES et al, 2003). However, the electricity grid was limited to the larger urban centers like Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, as expansion to other regions was deemed unprofitable (CMEB, 2001).…”

“…This period of investments closely controlled by the state identified with national developmentalism ideals, spanning roughly from 1946 to 1962, contributed to an increase of 326.9 percent in the electricity installed capacity (GOMES and VIEIRA, 2009). Eletrobrás (the state-owned company suggested by the first Commission for the Management of Crisis) was finally inaugurated in 1962 enacted under the Ministry of Mines and Energy.…”

“…With the transition to democracy and the constitution of 1988, decentralization claims of local state governments gained momentum (GOMES and VIEIRA, 2009). Backed by the new institutional ambience and making use of political influence, local distribution state companies running on surplus, especially from the South and Southeast, refused to pay the intra-sector compensation transfers that financed the expansion of electrification to other regions and boycotted payments to generation companies controlled by Eletrobrás (GOMES et al, 2003).…”

“…Despite the privatization, the installed electricity capacity grew only 36.2 percent between 1997and 2002(GOMES and VIEIRA, 2009. This increase was insufficient to meet the expanding residential consumer market and industrial demands.…”

Isomorphism and Institutional Control in a Modular Plant of the Automotive Industry

“…In the context of relationships between organizations, embeddedness established as the behavior of an organization is determined by the set of its relationships with other organizations. This embedded conception of economic actors has been the topic of several recent studies about networks and fields in Brazil (GOMES, VIEIRA, 2009;GUARIDO FILHO, MACHADO-DA-SILVA, 2010;VALE, GUIMARÃES, 2010;VASCONCELOS, 2004) and abroad (Fligstein, 2009;LIN et al, 2009;MAINELA, PUHAKKA, 2008;YAMIN, ANDERSON, 2011).…”