Dry eye disease caused by viral infection: review

Alves, Mônica; Angerami, Rodrigo Nogueira; Rocha, Eduardo Melani

doi:10.1590/s0004-27492013000200016

Cited by 23 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The occurrence of rather contagious obligate pathogens such as C. trachomatis suggests that secondary colonization of already inflamed conjunctiva is not the case but indicates rather that these pathogens may play a primary role in the development and maintenance of inflammation; these issues, however, require further investigation. Association has already been established between DED and a number of infectious agents relating to such viral infections as human T-cell lymphotropic virus, human immunodeficiency virus, the Epstein-Barr virus, and hepatitis C virus [25]. These chronic viral infections trigger autoimmune reactions either initiating or contributing to lacrimal gland dysfunction in Sjogren's syndrome [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Association has already been established between DED and a number of infectious agents relating to such viral infections as human T-cell lymphotropic virus, human immunodeficiency virus, the Epstein-Barr virus, and hepatitis C virus [25]. These chronic viral infections trigger autoimmune reactions either initiating or contributing to lacrimal gland dysfunction in Sjogren's syndrome [25]. In those studies (reviewed by Alves et al [25]), the subject of discussion has been autoimmune mechanisms and not the direct conjunctival or lacrimal gland damage induced by infectious agents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These chronic viral infections trigger autoimmune reactions either initiating or contributing to lacrimal gland dysfunction in Sjogren's syndrome [25]. In those studies (reviewed by Alves et al [25]), the subject of discussion has been autoimmune mechanisms and not the direct conjunctival or lacrimal gland damage induced by infectious agents. Yet, there is still a lot to be understood about the association between chronic conjunctival infections and non-Sjogren's dry eye, with the latter accounting for the major part of the incidence of DED [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High Frequency of Latent ConjunctivalC. trachomatis,M. hominis, andU. urealyticumInfections in Young Adults with Dry Eye Disease

Boiko

Pozniak

Maltsev

et al. 2014

Journal of Ophthalmology

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Aim. To determine the frequency of detection of conjunctival C. trachomatis (CT), M. hominis (MH), and U. urealyticum (UU) infections in young adults with dry eye disease (DED), since these infections may potentially produce the chronic subclinical inflammation characteristic of DED. Materials and Methods. The study included subjects of 25–45 years of age, divided into the DED (n = 114) and nondry eye control (n = 98) groups, with the diagnosis based on self-reported complaints, biomicroscopy, the Schirmer I test, and break-up time. All patients had conjunctival scrapings taken to detect CT, MH, and UU with direct fluorescent-antibody assay kits. Results. At least one of the three microorganisms was found in 87.7% of the DED patients versus 8.2% of the controls. Of all the DED patients, 63.2%, 50.8%, and 42.1% were found to be infected with CT, MH, and UU, respectively. Multiple pathogens were identified in 65% of the DED patients found to be infected. CT infection was detected in 6.1% of the controls. Conclusion. C. trachomatis, M. hominis, and U. urealyticum were detected with high frequency in the conjunctiva of young adults with DED and may be an important risk factor for DED in them.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High Frequency of Latent ConjunctivalC. trachomatis,M. hominis, andU. urealyticumInfections in Young Adults with Dry Eye Disease

Boiko

Pozniak

Maltsev

et al. 2014

Journal of Ophthalmology

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“…3 It is a disease of multifactorial nature of tear film dysfunction and a sizeable proportion of population has been observed with this disease. [12][13][14] Dry eye affects the daily activities and the quality of life of workers.…”

Section: Figure 4: Correlation Between Dry Eye and Working Hoursmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dry Eye In Welders Of Puducherry: A Rising Occupational Hazard

Vallinayagam¹

2018

DJO

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“…The potential susceptibility of ocular glands to pathogens has been acknowledged (22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28). Due to the anatomical connection between oculars glands and the ocular surface, we hypothesized that these glands are susceptible to direct infection by pathogens subsequent to microbial keratitis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular Glands Become Infected Secondarily to Infectious Keratitis and Play a Role in Corneal Resistance to Infection

Montgomery

Callegan

Fuller

et al. 2019

J Virol

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Ocular glands play a critical role in eye health through the secretion of factors directly onto the ocular surface. The cornea is a normally transparent tissue necessary for visual acuity located in the anterior segment of the eye. Corneal damage can occur during microbial infection of the cornea, resulting in potentially permanent visual deficits. The involvement of ocular glands during corneal infection has been only briefly described. We hypothesized that ocular glands contribute to resistance as an arm of the eye-associated lymphoid tissue and may also be susceptible to infection secondary to microbial keratitis. Utilizing a mouse model of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) keratitis, we found that infection of corneas resulted in subsequent infection of ocular glands, including harderian glands (HGs) and extraorbital glands. Similarly, infection of corneas with Pseudomonas aeruginosa resulted in secondary infection of ocular glands. A robust immune response, characterized by increased numbers of immune cells and inflammatory mediators, occurred within ocular glands following HSV-1 keratitis. Removal of HGs altered corneal resistance to HSV-1, as measured by increased viral load, decreased corneal edema, and decreased inflammatory cell infiltration. These novel findings suggest that ocular glands are involved in microbial keratitis through their susceptibility to secondary infection and contribution to corneal resistance. IMPORTANCE Microbial keratitis accounts for up to 700,000 clinical visits annually in the United States. The involvement of ocular glands during microbial keratitis is not readily appreciated, and treatment options do not address the consequences of ocular gland dysfunction. The present study shows that ocular glands are susceptible to direct infection by common ocular pathogens, including HSV-1 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, subsequent to microbial keratitis. Additionally, ocular glands contribute soluble factors that play a role in corneal resistance to HSV-1 and alter viral load, corneal edema, and immune cell infiltration. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which this occurs.

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Dry eye disease caused by viral infection: review

Cited by 23 publications

References 42 publications

High Frequency of Latent ConjunctivalC. trachomatis,M. hominis, andU. urealyticumInfections in Young Adults with Dry Eye Disease

High Frequency of Latent ConjunctivalC. trachomatis,M. hominis, andU. urealyticumInfections in Young Adults with Dry Eye Disease

Dry Eye In Welders Of Puducherry: A Rising Occupational Hazard

Ocular Glands Become Infected Secondarily to Infectious Keratitis and Play a Role in Corneal Resistance to Infection

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