Schirmer test performed with open and closed eyes: variations in normal individuals

Serruya, L. G.; Nogueira, Daniel Cruz; Hida, Richard Y

doi:10.1590/s0004-27492009000100013

Cited by 17 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…It has been showed in human beings, that significant lower Schirmer tear test-1 (STT-1) values are observed when the test is performed with closed eyelids (Serruya et al 2009). In veterinary medicine, such comparison has never been carried out.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Schirmer tear test-1 (STT-1) was first described by Otto Schirmer in 1903 and consists in using a Whatman number 41 special strip, 5mm wide and 35mm long, placed in the lower conjunctival fornix for one minute, with results reported in millimeters per minute (Hartley et al 2005, Ribeiro et al 2008a, Serruya et al 2009). STT-2 evaluates basal tear production after topical application of an anesthetic and is of predictive value in animals with corneal ulceration that do not tolerate STT-1 (Ribeiro et al 2008a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intraocular pressure and tear secretion in Saanen goats with different ages

et al. 2010

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This study aimed to compare the normal intraocular pressure (IOP) and tear secretion, by means of applanation tonometry and the Schirmer tear test-1 (STT-1), in goats of the Saanen breed with different ages, and at different time points. Thirty six goats, free of ocular abnormalities, were grouped into three different age categories (n=12), animals with 45, 180 and 549 days of age. STT-1 and IOP measurements were carried out always at 9:00am and 7:00pm, during three consecutive days. Results were evaluated statistically (P<0.05). Regarding the time of the day, overall IOP values were significantly lower at 7:00 pm (P<0.001) in individuals with 45 days of age; whereas STT-1 values were significantly higher at 7:00pm (P=0.004) in goats with 549 days of age. Considering the sum of three days, both parameters were significantly lower in individuals with 45 days of age (P<0.001). Intraocular pressure and tear secretion values increase until 180 days of age in the Saanen breed of goats.INDEX TERMS: Ophthalmic semiotechnique, intraocular pressure, Schirmer tear test-1, goats.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraocular pressure and tear secretion in Saanen goats with different ages

et al. 2010

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“…Corneal oedema was evaluated by noting epithelial oedema after fluorescein staining or by stromal oedema. Schirmer 1 test was performed with paper strips (Sterile Tear Flow Test Strips, HUB Pharmaceuticals, Rancho Cucamonga, California, USA) inserted into the lower fornix for five minutes with eyes closed, without anaesthesia . Central corneal thickness was derived from the average of 10 measurements using ultrasonic pachymetry (Heidelberg IOPac handheld pachymeter, Heidelberg, Germany).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association of keratoconus with blepharitis

Mostovoy

Vinker

Mimouni

et al. 2018

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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“…In humans, possible mechanisms for higher STT values with open eyes are influence by external factors such as temperature, evaporation, and humidity [7–9]. It is also possible that the human cornea is more sensitive than the equine cornea thus producing more tears.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Results of the Schirmer tear test performed with open and closed eyes in clinically normal horses

Trbolová

Ghaffari

2017

Acta Vet Scand

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BackgroundThe Schirmer tear test (STT) is widely used in both human and veterinary ophthalmology. Two types of STTs have been developed: STT I and SST II. The STT I measures the basal and reflex tear production and is the most widely used STT. However, several factors influence the STT results such as the person performing the test and the location of the strip placement within the conjunctival sac. The aim of this study was to measure the basal and reflex tear production (STT I) in clinically normal horses with open versus closed eyes.ResultsForty clinically healthy horses without any ocular diseases were included. On day 1, the STT I was first performed on all the horses with the eyes open followed by an STT I with closed eyes performed 30 min later. On day 2, all horses had their eyes closed during the first STT and the eyes open during the second test performed 30 min later. The mean value of the STTs performed on open eye was significantly less than the STT performed on closed eye on both days of examination.ConclusionThis study showed a small but statistically significant difference between STT values obtained with open versus closed eyes in clinically normal horses.

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Schirmer test performed with open and closed eyes: variations in normal individuals

Cited by 17 publications

References 21 publications

Intraocular pressure and tear secretion in Saanen goats with different ages

Intraocular pressure and tear secretion in Saanen goats with different ages

The association of keratoconus with blepharitis

Results of the Schirmer tear test performed with open and closed eyes in clinically normal horses

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