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Cited by 78 publications
(58 citation statements)
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“…39 Regardless of the initiating cause, a vicious cycle of inflammation resulting from activation of an inflammatory cascade on the ocular surface may lead to eye damage. 40 In light of research findings suggesting that inflammatory mediators are involved in DES, the use of anti-inflammatory therapy has been gaining popularity. 41 The major anti-inflammatory agents currently in use include topical corticosteroids and immunomodulatory agents.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…39 Regardless of the initiating cause, a vicious cycle of inflammation resulting from activation of an inflammatory cascade on the ocular surface may lead to eye damage. 40 In light of research findings suggesting that inflammatory mediators are involved in DES, the use of anti-inflammatory therapy has been gaining popularity. 41 The major anti-inflammatory agents currently in use include topical corticosteroids and immunomodulatory agents.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Such side effects limit the use or corticosteroids in the chronic treatment of DES. 40 Meanwhile, some topical immunomodulatory agents have been approved by the FDA for use on the ocular surface, such as Restasis, which is based on CsA. However, the controversial adverse effects, such as burning and stinging eyes, conjunctival hyperemia, cataracts, and eye pain, have led to the discontinuation of treatments based on CsA.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…8 Inflammation can simultaneously be both a triggering and an exacerbating factor of the disease. 9,10,34 Cyclosporin and steroids are the main classes of anti-inflammatory compounds found in prescription medicines routinely used for the treatment of signs and/or symptoms of dry eye. [35][36][37] Cyclosporin, as compounded hospital preparations or Restasis Ò (0.05%…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, DED seems to be invariably associated with chronic inflammation of the ocular surface, although it is not known whether the local inflammation is causative 8 or simply occurs as a consequence of ocular dryness. 9,10 Regardless of the level of DED severity, frequent applications of artificial tears (ATs) remain a widely accepted and first-line treatment strategy for close to 80% of patients. 11,12 These supplements, depending on their formulation and active ingredients, are intended to (i) expand tear volume in aqueous tear deficiency; (ii) improve symptoms of dry eye in meibomian gland dysfunction patients 13 ; and (iii) enhance the tear film (TF) lipid layer of the TF and therefore improve TF stability and reduce tear evaporation.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Its aetiology is varied and is associated with immunological, genetic, therapeutic, hormonal, and environmental factors (4) . The treatment of KCS depends on its severity; mild KCS is treated with artificial tears, while therapy with immunosuppressive drugs such as topical cyclosporin A (CsA) is recommended in moderate and severe forms (5,6) . CsA is a potent immunosuppressive agent isolated from the fungus Tolypocladium inflatum gams, which acts by inhibiting T-cell activity and suppressing inflammatory cytokines in the conjunctiva and lacrimal gland (7,8) .…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%