Optical coherence tomography in presumed subretinal Toxocara granuloma: case report

Lago, Aline do; Andrade, Rafael; Muccioli, Cristina; Belfort, Rubens

doi:10.1590/s0004-27492006000300022

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…According to a review paper by Arevalo et al (96), three major clinical types of OT syndrome have been suggested, based on the severity of manifestations, including diffuse nematode endophthalmitis, the peripheral inflammatory mass type, and the posterior pole granuloma type (100)(101)(102). In general, patients with OT have a normal white blood count, normal serum IgE level, and no eosinophilia (96).…”

Section: Ocular Toxocariasismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, patients with OT have a normal white blood count, normal serum IgE level, and no eosinophilia (96). Substantial clinical evidence indicates that the most common presentation of OT is a granuloma found in the peripheral retina, seen in 50% to 64% of cases, with a posterior pole granuloma seen in 25% to 36% of cases and endophthalmitis seen in Ͻ25% of cases (102,103). Over 50% of cases are unilateral ocular infections presenting with mild ocular inflammation, but if the infection is persistent, bilateral disease may be manifested (104).…”

Section: Ocular Toxocariasismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, the diagnosis of OT remains challenging and, in the majority of cases, is only presumptive. Standard diagnostic methods for OT are fundoscopy, imaging, and serologic testing (102). Although the sensitivity and specificity of TESELISA for immunodiagnosis of VLM are fair, the sensitivity for diagnosis of OT syndrome is considerably lower (96).…”

Section: Ocular Toxocariasismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cerebral Toxocariasis: Silent Progression to Neurodegenerative Disorders?

et al. 2015

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SUMMARY Toxocara canis and T. cati are highly prevalent nematode infections of the intestines of dogs and cats. In paratenic hosts, larvae do not mature in the intestine but instead migrate through the somatic tissues and organs of the body. The presence of these migrating larvae can contribute to pathology. Toxocara larvae can invade the brains of humans, and while case descriptions of cerebral toxocariasis are historically rare, improved diagnosis and greater awareness have contributed to increased detection. Despite this, cerebral or neurological toxocariasis (NT) remains a poorly understood phenomenon. Furthermore, our understanding of cognitive deficits due to toxocariasis in human populations remains particularly deficient. Recent data describe an enhanced expression of biomarkers associated with brain injury, such as GFAP, AβPP, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), NF-L, S100B, tTG, and p-tau, in mice receiving even low doses of Toxocara ova. Finally, this review outlines a hypothesis to explore the relationship between the presence of T. canis larvae in the brain and the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to enhanced AD-associated neurodegenerative biomarker expression.

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Section: Ocular Toxocariasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ocular Toxocariasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ocular Toxocariasismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cerebral Toxocariasis: Silent Progression to Neurodegenerative Disorders?

et al. 2015

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“…This study was performed at the Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, which is affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine. Fundoscopy, immunological testing, and imaging methods were used to diagnose ocular toxocariasis in these children [14]. With the help of fundoscopy, ophthalmologists usually detect the following signs: inflammatory mass, a peripheral or posterior granuloma, and vitreous strands [15].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Characteristics of Pediatric Patients with Ocular Toxocariasis in China

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2016

Ophthalmologica

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Objective: The aim of the study was to analyze the clinical characteristics of pediatric patients with ocular toxocariasis. Methods: Ocular toxocariasis was diagnosed and treated in 46 children from Shanghai and surrounding provinces. The diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis was confirmed immunologically by performing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on serum and/or intraocular fluid. All pediatric patients and their guardians completed a questionnaire concerning their cases and living habits. Results: The mean age of onset was 6 ± 3 years. Most children (85%) resided in rural areas, and 91% of the children had contact with adult dogs or puppies. At the first visit, visual acuity (VA) was <20/200 in 36 cases, and we detected peripheral granuloma in 36 patients. In our study, the most common signs were vitritis, vitreous strands, and tractional retinal detachment. The Optomap 200Tx device detected granuloma with an 85% sensitivity, which is much higher than that of other techniques. We treated 40 cases (87%) with topical corticosteroids, while 28 patients (61%) were treated with systemic corticosteroids. Only 18 children (39%) required surgical intervention. All patients were examined and treated by the same ophthalmologists. Conclusions: Preschool children in China are more often affected by toxocariasis compared with other age groups. The most common signs included unilateral granuloma and ocular inflammation. In our study, clinical manifestations were severe and complicated. At the first visit, VA was <20/200 in most patients. Ocular toxocariasis was diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms; the diagnosis was confirmed by immunological testing. Techniques using the Optomap 200Tx device can facilitate the early detection and lead to better visual prognosis.

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“…2,3 Histological examinations of Toxocara granulomas in monkeys were also found to be nodular with fibrous capsules. 4 The mass in this study has a similarly nodular appearance and is associated with a hyperreflective fibrotic cap on OCT, though it was not associated with fluid.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%