2011
DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302011000600002
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Abstract: The effects of ionizing radiation on the thyroid have been studied for several decades, and nuclear accidents are the major source of information about the subject. There is an association of hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroid nodules and cancer with radiation, but the threshold dose, mechanism of injury, and some risk factors have not been fully established. Children are more susceptible to thyroid injury caused by radiation and require prolonged follow-up after exposure. This issue is especially releva… Show more

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Cited by 2 publications
(15 citation statements)
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“…Endocrine sequelae were described after radiation exposure in patients subjected to cancer therapy, including hypothyroidism, growth hormone (GH) deficiency, obesity, diabetes and gonadal disorder. 3 , 4 , 6 - 12 …”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Endocrine sequelae were described after radiation exposure in patients subjected to cancer therapy, including hypothyroidism, growth hormone (GH) deficiency, obesity, diabetes and gonadal disorder. 3 , 4 , 6 - 12 …”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In children irradiated in the area, hypothyroidism was found in 47% of patients, 27 years after treatment, and half of these cases occurred up to 5 years after RT. 3 , 4 Hypothyroidism was also identified in 34% of 1,791 survivors of Hodgkin’s lymphoma with a relative risk (RR) of 17.1. 6 Other authors showed that 30% of patients receiving RT doses of 35 to 45 Gy and 50% of those receiving doses >45 Gy would develop hypothyroidism 20 years after treatment, and the estimated risk of nodules was 27 times higher.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…We admit that the true incidence of radiation-related thyroid nodules may be underestimated, since there are no widely used protocols for the follow-up of these patients. As we have been following up our patients on this basis, according to our center's experience and also to the Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent and Young Adult Cancers [ 13 ], we and other authors [ 7 , 14 ] recommend: cervical ultrasound ab initio for later comparisons; annual thyroid palpation; cervical ultrasound 2–3 years after the primary diagnosis and annually thereafter if there are nodules or every 2 years in the absence of nodules. Cytology must be performed in nodules <10 mm when technically possible, according to published criteria [ 15 ].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%