Adiponectin gene and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetic patients: a review of evidences

Abstract

Diabetic patients have a 3-fold higher risk of developing atherosclerosis and its clinical complications as compared to non-diabetic individuals. Part of the cardiovascular risk associated with diabetes is probably due to genetic determinants influencing both glucose homeostasis and the development of atherosclerosis. However, type 2 diabetes frequently coexists with other cardiovascular risk factors like arterial hypertension, central obesity and dyslipidemia. Genetic variability affecting many areas such as lipid and energy metabolisms, hypertension and haemodynamic mechanisms, blood clotting homeostasis, inflammation, and matrix turnover in the vascular wall will have an impact on the development of macrovascular complications in diabetic patients. Adiponectin is abundantly secreted by adipocytes. It plays important roles in lipid and glucose metabolisms and has direct anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic effects. In this review, we summarize recent data from the literature suggesting an implication of allelic variations of the adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) in the genetic determinants of cardiovascular disease in diabetic subjects.

Characterization of calcium signaling pathways in human preadipocytes

“…ß 2009 It is well recognized that adipocytes not only play an important role in energy homeostasis, but also secrete hormones and adipose factors which are involved in regulating appetite (Parekh and Penner, 1997), immune response, insulin sensitivity, and vascular and skeletal growth (Bootman et al, 1992;Fruhbeck et al, 2001;Gregoire, 2001). Excessive body deposition of fat also results in obesity, which is a prevalent health problem in industrial countries, and closely associated with the occurrence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (Ferrarezi et al, 2007;Mathew et al, 2007;Gregor and Hotamisligil, 2007). Preadipocytes are the precursor cells of white adipose tissue and can differentiate into mature adipocytes in vitro and in vivo, and they are extensively used as a type of proliferative cell culture model to study proliferation and differentiation of adipocytes (Gregoire et al, 1998;Bradley et al, 2001).…”

ADIPOQ and adiponectin: the common ground of hyperglycemia and coronary artery disease?

“…Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2011;55(7): than nondiabetic individuals of developing atherosclerosis and its clinical complications, such as peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke (1,2). Classical risk factors for atherosclerosis, such as central obesity, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia, frequently coexist with diabetes and contribute to the increased prevalence of CAD.…”

“…The investigation of this hypothesis has generated positive results, as will be discussed in this review. In addition, the area of the genome that harbors ADIPOQ has been identified by GWAS to be a susceptibility locus for risk of metabolic syndrome, T2DM and CVD (2). Studies have shown that ADIPOQ has some influence on adiponectin levels and plasma isoform levels, which are themselves related to modulation of the risk of developing T2DM and CVD (9).…”

“…Experimental data suggest that adiponectin exerts a direct protective effect on the vessels, probably due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic properties, having multiple favorable effects on glucose and lipid metabolism (2)(3)(4)(5)7). Epidemiological studies demonstrate an association between lower adiponectin and the prevalence and incidence of insulin resistance, and T2DM in various populations (10).…”

“…Considering that adiponectin levels are highly heritable (30%-70%), extensive research has been undertaken in the past few years to pinpoint which genes influence these levels, including ADIPOQ (2,5,32,33). Richards and cols.…”