Study of wet precipitation and its chemical composition in South of Brazil

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to analyze the chemical composition of wet precipitation in samples collected at three stations in the Candiota region in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Samples were collected in 2004. Variables analyzed in wet precipitation were pH, conductivity, and concentration of Cl − , NO − 3 , SO 2− 4 F − , Na + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , K + , NH + 4 , Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Co, and Cr. SO 2 and NO 2 distribution over the time were also evaluated. Results have showed that pH < 5.6 are found mostly at Candiota airport (85%), followed by Aceguá (72%) and Três Lagoas (65%). Enrichment Factor of the studied ions in wet deposition revealed higher Ca 2+ and SO 2− 4 enrichment in Três Lagoas. Factor Analysis applied to metals and major ions allowed identifying the major sources. While Cl − , Na + , Mg 2+ are of marine origin, SO 2− 4 , NO − 3 , NH + 4 , F − come from anthropogenic sources. Except for Fe and Mn originating from the soil dust, the metals studied showed to have anthropogenic influence The average SO 2 and NO 2 concentration, as well as SO 2− 4 and NO − 3 in wet precipitation in the Candiota region showed higher concentrations during the warmer months.

Rainwater and the resulting runoff chemistry in Shiraz city, southwest Iran

“…Table 7 compares the mean concentrations of these heavy metals to results from similar studies conducted in other countries. The results indicate that mean concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn in our study are considerably below the reported concentrations in Ghore El-Safi (Jordan) [10] and Baghdad (Iraq) [35], but in comparison with the results from [35] Candiota region (Brazil) [34], the results of our study show higher concentrations. The differences among these three heavy metals concentrations may be due to both different regional conditions and different pollution control regimes followed in these countries.…”

“…Metals with anthropogenic origin, especially Zn, show high concentration levels. These are controlled by the adsorption/ desorption processes of Fe and Mn oxides/hydroxides during precipitation [34]. Table 7 compares the mean concentrations of these heavy metals to results from similar studies conducted in other countries.…”

Seasonal Variation of Selected Metals in Particulate Matter at an Industrial City Kota, India

“…indicating its origin from earth crust. These findings of our study are in accordance with the results reported in earlier studies (Yusuf and Rashid, 1995;Banerjee, 2008;Teixeira et al, 2008).…”

Chemical Composition of PM10 and PM2.5 and Seasonal Variation in South Brazil

“…Studies conducted in the Candiota region and other areas under the influence of the coal-fired power station have shown the presence of Cl particles (Braga et al 2004). The presence of Cl and Na from natural sources has been reported in other studies in the region (Teixeira et al 2008;Braga et al 2004).…”