The Influence of Riparian Areas on Direct Surface Runoff of Precipitation Events

Characteristics and Process Interactions in Natural Fluvial–Riparian Ecosystems: A Synopsis of the Watershed-Continuum Model

“…Despite much progress, a wide array of important ecohydrological processes, questions, and issues remain to be addressed or more fully integrated. Not presented in prioritized order, this list of additional research topics includes but is not limited to: (1) corresponding convergence toward dynamic equilibrium of physical and biological processes; (2) extent of self-similarity among physical and biological processes across reach and stream order, space, and time; (3) groundwater-surface water interactions and connectivity under changing climates; (4) the significance, extent, and roles of groundwater and headwater springs as zero order streams in FRE ecology [120,271]; (5) natural inter-relationships among lentic and downstream lotic reaches; (6) ephemeral stream ecosystem ecology; (7) the limiting effects of photosynthetically-active radiation in canyon-bound streams; (8) stream microclimate ecology; (9) the interactive effects of flooding, ice, and glacial effects in boreal and high elevation streams; (10) multidirectional subsidy and gene exchange in dendritic pathways; (11) the role of plant physiology in riparian vegetation zonation; (12) the significance of corridors, barriers/filter, and refugial biogeographic effects in dendritic river ecosystems [80]; (13) stream order-driven and cross-sectional spatial impacts on biodiversity; (14) population and successional models among FRE biota across trophic levels; (15) FRE ecosystem genetics and the evolution of endemism across latitude, longitude, and among tectonic landscapes; and ( 16) the role of noise on FRE faunal assemblages. Adequately examining and incorporating these and other topics will more fully expand the WCM model through future research and will enhance collaborative discussion among hydrogeological, ecological, and socio-cultural disciplines [272].…”

“…Numbers represent the percent of freshwater storage 6 (redrawn from [1]). Large tributaries create abrupt discontinuities, generating multi-reach alteration downstream Riparian eco-hydrogeomorphology [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][72][73][74][75][76] Channel geomorphology and stage shape riparian zonation and ecology…”