Identification of heterotic patterns between expired proprietary, NDSU, and industry short-season maize inbred lines

Germplasm enhancement and cultivar development: The need for sustainable breeding

“…Therefore, investing and maintaining local short-and long-term cold storage conditions is essential for future generations. Developing outstanding sustainable low-cost and low-risk cultivars for farmers rely on breeding programs utilizing stored genetic diversity, especially when intellectual property limits the improvement of industry products for providing better products to farmers (Carena 2013a, Bari et al 2016).…”

“…The USDA supported the creation of a consortium of public and private organizations to increase the genetic diversity of industry hybrids through the Germplasm Enhancement Maize (GEM). Even with LAMP, NCSU, and GEM efforts (Sevilla and Salhuana 1997, Goodman 1999, Pollak 2003, Carena 2002 the excessive use of ex-PVP genetic materials (Bari et al 2016) has increased the number of genetically narrow identical hybrids with different single-gene transgenic events.…”

Earlytrop: A Program to Adapt 100% Tropical Maize Germplasm to Short-Season Environments

“…The U.S. Academy of Sciences encouraged the use of genetically diverse germplasm after the Southern Corn Leaf Blight epidemic (Bipolaris maydis) in the 1970s. But even with LAMP and GEM efforts (Pollak, 2003;Carena, 2003;Carena, 2017;Carena and Sharma, 2016), the excessive use of ex-PVP genetic materials (Bari et al, 2016) and the recent company mergers have increased the number of genetically narrow identical hybrids with just different single-gene transgenic events. These factors increase the probability of extensive epidemics and crop failures while affecting sustainability on farms (Davies et al, 2020).…”

Exploring the potential usefulness of U.S. maize expired Plant Variety Protection Act lines for maize breeding in sub‐Saharan Africa

“…These lines are available for research and commercial applications. Many studies were conducted in the United States to explore the genetic diversity (Hauck et al., 2014; Beckett, Morales, Koehler, & Rocheford, 2017; Mastrodomenico, Bohn, Lipka, & Below, 2019), heterotic relationship (Bari, Carena, & Pereira, 2016) of ExPVP lines, and their agronomic and nutritional usefulness (Bari and Carena, 2015a, 2015b). Some of these studies showed that ExPVP lines have a large genetic diversity, though many alleles present in ExPVP lines are also found in public lines.…”