Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Sars-Cov-2 Infection in Children and Adolescents

Martins, Marlos Melo; Prata‐Barbosa, Arnaldo; Magalhães‐Barbosa, Maria Clara de; Cunha, Antonio José Ledo Alves da

doi:10.1590/1984-0462/2021/39/2020231

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…These factors include the decreased expression of ACE2 receptor, the primary target of SARS-CoV-2 virus; the differences in transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) between children and adults; and the larger number of other viruses residing in the lung and airway mucosa, which could limit the replication of SARS-CoV-2 by direct virus-to-virus competition ( 3 ). Also, children may have stronger innate immune responses and fewer comorbidities, such as smoking and obesity ( 22 , 23 ). Finally, fetal hemoglobin is speculated to have a role in protecting against coronavirus infection in neonates ( 24 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Disease in Infants Less Than 90 Days: Case Series

et al. 2021

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The objective of this study is to describe the clinical presentations, radiological and laboratory findings, and outcomes of COVID-19 disease in infants ≤ 90 days of age at presentation. We conducted a retrospective study of infants in this age group who were found to be SARS-CoV-2 positive. Asymptomatic infants who were identified through routine testing following delivery to COVID-19-positive mothers were excluded. We classified infants according to their presentation: asymptomatic, mildly symptomatic, moderately symptomatic, and severely/critically symptomatic. A total of 36 infants were included. Of them, two were asymptomatic and four had severe/critical presentation. Of the severely symptomatic infants, two were considered as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and there was one death. One infant in the severe symptomatic group presented with cardiac failure, with the possibility of congenital infection. Another infant presented with cardiogenic shock. None of these infants received antiviral medication. The study found that infants ≤ 90 days can present with a severe form of COVID-19 disease. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, although rarely reported in infants, is a possible complication of COVID-19 disease and can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Disease in Infants Less Than 90 Days: Case Series

et al. 2021

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“…The involvement of respiratory muscles can lead to myasthenic crisis, a life-threatening condition that requires intensive care and respiratory support [3]. On the other hand, fatigue and muscle weakness as well as respiratory failure are cardinal symptoms of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [4,5]. Therefore, it can be very challenging to distinguish between these two conditions as well as to diagnose MG exacerbation during a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 pandemic year in a sample of Polish myasthenia gravis patients: an observational study

Rzepiński¹,

Zawadka‐Kunikowska

2022

Neurol Neurochir Pol.

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Aim of the study: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidence, mortality, recovery and hospitalisation rates vary in different countries. This study aimed to present the clinical characteristics of a sample of unvaccinated Polish myasthenia gravis (MG) patients during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, taking into account the number of MG exacerbations, a detailed description of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection course, and the need to modify immunosuppressive therapies. Clinical rationale for the study:To assess the impact of the first COVID-19 pandemic year on MG course in a sample of unvaccinated patients. Materials and methods: A retrospective observational study involving 30 unvaccinated Polish MG patients consulted in a neurological outpatient clinic on 11-31 March, 2020 (baseline) and 11-31 March, 2021 (endpoint).Results: During the period of evaluation, exacerbation of MG requiring hospitalisation was reported in 11 patients. Among them, four were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and another six required plasma exchange. In the study group, COVID-19 was identified in 10 patients. Of them, seven experienced a mild course of SARSCoV-2 infection with spontaneous recovery. In the remaining three patients, both MG exacerbation and SARS-CoV-2 infection were reported. These patients experienced MG exacerbation in the preceding month or concurrently with COVID-19 and were aged over 50 years. Due to the SARS-CoV-2 infection, they required antibiotic and oxygen therapy, and hospitalisation was necessary in the case of two obese patients. None of the patients died due to COVID-19, and nor did any require discontinuation of immunosuppressive therapies during the study period. In total, 12 patients in the study group experienced neither MG exacerbation nor SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusions:In the presented sample of Polish MG patients, favourable outcomes of COVID-19 were observed. Further studies are needed to evaluate the reliable course of COVID-19 taking into account international differences, the types of treatment applied, and the ratio of vaccinated to unvaccinated MG patients.

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“…This low rate could be due to the high prevalence of asymptomatic cases among young children which has kept them from being identified and tested [ 10 ]. Though clinical studies have found that most children who test positive for COVID-19 had no or mild symptoms [ 11 ], children with comorbidities, such as cardiac conditions or respiratory disease, accounted for a large proportion of the few who became critically ill [ 12 ]. Moreover, newly emerging evidence suggests that children with asymptomatic or mild symptoms may also develop long-term symptoms such as fatigue, muscle and joint pain, and respiratory problems [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the prevalence of young children living in households prepared for COVID-19 in 56 low- and middle-income countries

Luan

Naicker

et al. 2022

glob health res policy

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Background The COVID-19 pandemic and governments’ attempts to contain it are negatively affecting young children’s health and development in ways we are only beginning to understand and measure. Responses to the pandemic are driven largely by confining children and families to their homes. This study aims to assess the levels of and associated socioeconomic disparities in household preparedness for protecting young children under the age of five from being exposed to communicable diseases, such as COVID-19, in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods Using data from nationally representative household surveys in 56 LMICs since 2016, we estimated the percentages of young children under the age of five living in households prepared for communicable diseases (e.g., COVID-19) and associated residential and wealth disparities at the country- and aggregate-level. Preparedness was defined on the basis of space for quarantine, adequacy of toilet facilities and hand hygiene, mass media exposure at least once a week, and phone ownership. Disparities within countries were measured as the absolute gap in two domains—household wealth and residential area - and compared across regions and country income groups. Results The final data set included 766,313 children under age five. On average, 19.4% of young children in the 56 countries lived in households prepared for COVID-19, ranging from 0.6% in Ethiopia in 2016 to 70.9% in Tunisia in 2018. In close to 90% of countries (50), fewer than 50% of young children lived in prepared households. Young children in rural areas or in the poorest households were less likely to live in prepared households than their counterparts. Conclusions A large portion of young children under the age of five in LMICs were living in households that did not meet all preparedness guidelines for preventing COVID-19 and caring for patients at home. This study highlights the need to ensure all families in LMICs have the means to prevent the spread of the pandemic or other communicable illnesses to young children during pandemics.

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Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Sars-Cov-2 Infection in Children and Adolescents

Cited by 10 publications

References 38 publications

COVID-19 Disease in Infants Less Than 90 Days: Case Series

COVID-19 Disease in Infants Less Than 90 Days: Case Series

COVID-19 pandemic year in a sample of Polish myasthenia gravis patients: an observational study

Assessing the prevalence of young children living in households prepared for COVID-19 in 56 low- and middle-income countries

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