Capital Humano Ou Capitalismo Selvagem? Um Balanço Da Controvérsia Sobre Distribuição De Renda Durante O “Milagre” Brasileiro

Abstract

RESUMO O artigo tem por objetivo realizar um balançoda controvérsia sobre a distribuição de renda no Brasil na década de 1960. Para tanto, apresentamos os principais argumentos da interpretação “oficial”, fundamentada e justificada no trabalho de Langoni (1973), bem como as principais críticas a ela endereçadas pelas interpretações alternativas. A interpretação “oficial” considerou que o aumento na desigualdade da distribuição de renda entre 1960 e 1970 seria consequência natural e transitória do descompasso entre demanda e oferta de mãodeobra qualificada, num contexto de intenso crescimento econômico. Consideramos, em linha com as interpretações alternativas, que a interpretação “oficial” apresentouargumentos que obscureceram a importância de elementos teóricos e empíricos relacionados com ahierarquia organizacional das empresas, a política econômica do governo militar e o padrão de desenvolvimento capitalista no Brasil.

The Growth Model of the PT Governments: A Furtadian View of the Limits of Recent Brazilian Development

“…According to Bielschowsky (2014) and Bastos (2012), the constitution of a mass consumer market was a deliberate economic strategy of the PT governments made explicit in the party's platform in 2002 and the Lula government's multiannual plans. The formation of this mass consumer market was based on two pillars: the distribution of income, promoted by monetary transfer policies and an increase in wages, and the stimulus to bank inclusion and credit for families.…”

“…17 This problem was aggravated by the global crisis of 2007-2009, with a decline of demand in the developed countries and an advance of Chinese exports that dislocated Brazilian products both in the local market and in Latin America. As a result, demand for industrial products continued to grow in Brazil after 2009, but industrial production stagnated (Bastos, 2015;Bastos and Hiratuka, 2017). The deterioration of the Brazilian industrial sector after 2009 occurred despite industrial policies, public purchases, and investment by state-owned companies such as Petrobras and credit policies led by the Brazilian Development Bank.…”

“…In the 1970s, Furtado pioneered a critique of the neoclassical emphasis on the accumulation of "human capital" and the emphasis of the new institutional economy on education as a panacea for underdevelopment. Such arguments were widely employed in Brazil to legitimize the worsening income distribution under the military dictatorship and received a torrent of Keynesian, institutionalist, and Marxist critiques (Barone, Bastos, and Mattos, 2017).…”