“…While monocultures are more efficient in the production of wood fibre, they provide fewer ecosystem services when compared to natural forests or polyculture plantations. Examples of its lower capacity to provide ecosystem services include a reduced capacity to support biodiversity, nutrient cycling and soil formation (Baral, Guariguata & Keenan, 2016;Brockerhoff, Jactel, Parrotta & Ferraz, 2012;Felton et al, 2016;Stephens & Wagner, 2007); water purification, biological control and pest management, adaptation to climate change and the risk of forest fires (Baral et al, 2016;Brockerhoff et al, 2012;Felton et al, 2016;Peña-Fernandez & Valenzuela-Palma, 2004); the provision of habitat, food and natural medicines (Baral et al, 2016;Brockerhoff et al, 2012); and reduced cultural and recreational services (Felton et al, 2016, Muñoz-Pedreros, 2017. Therefore, the sustainable management of monoculture plantations is a priority for the development and wellbeing of rural communities (Bleyer, Kniivilä, Horne, Sitoe & Falcão, 2016;D'Amato, Rekola, Wan, Cai & Toppinen, 2017;Landry & Chirwa, 2011;Miller & Buys, 2014).…”