Curare - Botany, Chemistry, and Pharmacology

Abstract

Some aspecto of cuAa/ie leteaAch counted out oven the loot 25 yeaAò one dtòcuò&ed. Accepting a pharmacological nxxtheA than pwiely ethnological definition meant, that caAoreò are not limited to South Amentca but that they ate al&o known ftom Czntnal Afitca and South-ia&t Aiia. Among the entteKia that have been iuggzitzd fon. cía&òifying South AmeaL can cuAOAet, ΟΛΖ: type oi containen, geographical ontgin, botanical íouAcei of the active, constituent!,, and chemical compoòltion. A combination of botanical' and gzogxaphical cntteiia leadt to much the. iame regional gH.oupin.Qa at a combination of cAitexia involving the. type. of contatneA and the. chemical composition. The. active, ptiincipleM in CUKOAZA may derive from membeti o^ Xh-i Loganiaceaz [S&iyehnoò] and/on tAzniApenmaczaz {mainly ChonttowdzndJion and Qurarza, bat also Abata, Anomo&pejmum, Ciò&ampeloò, Sciadoteiua, and TzLitoxtcnm). Certain of the SfiychnoÁ dimeric indole alkaloids can undeAgo a variety of cleavages, oxidations, and tòomerizationS; hence., somz of the compounds obtained by nonmal isolation pnoceduAzs one aZmoòt czntainly artzfacts. The different gzneAa of, UzniApejmaczaz ph.udu.ce a widz tange of bi&benzyl and othzt types of isoquimlinealka&tds. Many of thz plant additives also contain a varizty of tsoquinoline bases, and this hoi to be taken into account in assessing thz contribution tkeAz ingredients may make to thz ovzJuxll activity of, curare. Loganiaceaz-bated curares with toxiferinzas majon. alkaloid tznd to bz thz most toxic, ϊη the casz of MenAspeAmaczaz-based products, there-is evidence, that the process by which they are made may lead to a considerable increase in thz tox icity oh thz finished poisons as compaAzd with thz original plant material!,. The mecha nism of action of, thz alkaloids it, outlined, and thz rolz oh CUAOAZ alkaloidò in thz dz velopment of, present-day muselz-relaxant drugs used In surgery i& indicatzd. Attention lb drawn to reported medicinal uses of somz of thz alkaloid-bearing plants incorporated into curares, suggesting that fuAtheA evaluation of these planto may be of interest. (*) This paper is dedicated to the memory of B. A. Krukoff, who,over a period of almost fifty years, was the driving force behind much of the botanical and chemical in vestigation of the plants used in the preparation of curare.

Dietary Acanthopanax senticosus extracts modulated the inflammatory and apoptotic responses of yellow catfish to protect against Edwardsiella ictaluri infection

“…Various chemical compounds have been identified from AS extracts, such as triterpenoid saponins (Guo et al, 2006), lignans, coumarins, flavones, chlorogenic acid (Fujikawa et al, 1996) and monosaccharides (Chen et al, 2011), and the most active functional components from AS extracts are phenolic compounds including syringin and eleutheroside B&E (Huang et al, 2011;Kang et al, 2001). AS has also been tested in aquaculture practice, for example, dietary AS supplementation significantly increased the weight gain ratio (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), white blood cell (WBC), lysozyme (LZM) and C3 content in serum of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), but decreased mRNA expression of TNFα and IFNγ (Li et al, 2019).…”

Origin of successive cambia on stem in three species of Menispermaceae

“…Several members of this family are known for their medicinal and toxic components. For example, tubocurarine, a neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in curare, which was used to poison arrows by indigenous people from the South American forests, is derived from the plants of this family (Bisset 1988).…”

Estudo farmacobotânico de folhas de Cissampelos sympodialis Eichl. (Menispermaceae)

“…No Brasil, está representada por cerca de 12 gêneros e 106 espécies, tendo a Amazônia como seu maior centro de distribuição (Krukoff & Barneby, 1970). A família fi cou bastante conhecida, principalmente, pelos estudos químicos e farmacológicos com espécies de Chondodrendron, que são usadas na preparação de curare (Bisset, 1988).…”

“…No Brasil, está representada por cerca de 12 gêneros e 106 espécies, tendo a Amazônia como seu maior centro de distribuição (Krukoff & Barneby, 1970). A família fi cou bastante conhecida, principalmente, pelos estudos químicos e farmacológicos com espécies de Chondodrendron, que são usadas na preparação de curare (Bisset, 1988).De acordo com Rhodes (1975), o gênero Cissampelos L. possui 19 espécies distribuídas na América tropical, África e Ásia. Estudos fi logenéticos mais recentes (Wang et al, 2007) têm apoiado a posição do gênero na tribo Menispermae, como membro da subtribo Cissampelinae, cuja monofi lia da tribo também é fortalecida por caracteres morfológicos, incluindo formas e tipos de grãos de pólen.…”