Individual and contextual determinants of malocclusion in 12-year-old schoolchildren in a Brazilian city

Abstract

The aim of this study was to describe malocclusion prevalence and its association with individual and contextual factors among Brazilian 12-year-old schoolchildren. This cross-sectional study included data from an oral health survey carried out in Goiânia, Brazil (n = 2,075), and data from the files of the local health authority. The data were collected through oral clinical examinations. The Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) was used to assess occlusion. The presence of malocclusion (DAI > 25) was used as the dependent variable. The individual independent variables consisted of adolescents' sex and race and their mothers' level of schooling. The clinical variables were caries experience and presence of adverse periodontal condition (calculus and/or gingival bleeding). The contextual variables included type of school and the location of schools in the city's health districts. The Rao-Scott test and multilevel logistic regression were performed. The prevalence of malocclusion was 40.1%. In the final model, significantly higher rates of malocclusion were found among those who attended schools located in less affluent health districts and whose mothers had fewer years of education. Rates were also higher among those presenting calculus and/or gingival bleeding. Malocclusion demonstrated a high prevalence rate and the inequalities in its distribution were determined by individual and contextual factors.

Anxiety and malocclusion are associated with temporomandibular disorders in adolescents diagnosed by RDC/TMD. A cross‐sectional study

“…In 2010, there was an occurrence of malocclusions were 38.8% at the age of 12 years old. Our results are near to the related by Jordão who found a prevalence of 40.1%, when examined 2.075 Brazilian people aged 12 years old . Higher prevalence were found in other studies, such as in a systematic review in Iran population (54.6%) and in a cross‐sectional study that included 2366 Indian students aged 10‐12 years old (83.3%) …”

Malocclusion and Orthodontic Treatment Need in Children

“…Eğitim seviyesi yüksek olan ailelerin, maloklüzyon ile ilgili daha fazla bilgiye sahip oldukları ve çocukların oklüzyonları üze-rinde koruyucu etkilerinin olduğu bildirilmiştir. 54 Bu aileler, çocuklarının ağız ve diş sağlığı ile ilgili olarak daha fazla endişe duymakta ve ortodontik tedavi ihtiyaçlarını rahatlıkla algılayabilmektedir-ler. Bu nedenlerden dolayı da, eğitim düzeyi yük-sek aileler günümüzde koruyucu tedavilerden (florid uygulamaları ve fissur örtücüler) daha fazla yararlanmakta ve maloklüzyon ile sonuçlanabile-cek diş problemleri ile ilgili erken önlemlerin alın-ması için diş hekimlerine düzenli olarak daha çok başvurmaktadırlar.…”

Má oclusão e vulnerabilidade social: estudo representativo de adolescentes de Belo Horizonte, Brasil

“…In general, individuals with low socioeconomic status suffer greater degrees of oral problems 9,10 . Previous studies have shown that adolescents from low-income families whose parents have a lower level of schooling have a higher prevalence of malocclusion 6,11,12 . However, this association remains controversial, as some studies have not identified this relationship 1,13,14 .…”

“…A Brazilian study evaluated the association between malocclusion in 12-year-old childrenand individual and contextual factors and found that individuals from sanitation districts with worse conditions of basic sanitation, housing, family income and schooling had a higher prevalence of malocclusion 12 . A nationwide Brazil-based study showed that 12-year-old children living in cities where more families were dependent on government social benefits, which had a lower gross domestic product, and which performed worse in terms of population health care, had higher prevalences of malocclusion 6 .…”