Plasmatic adipocyte biomarkers and foot pain associated with flatfoot in schoolchildren with obesity

Abstract

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the potential association of foot pain and plasmatic adipocytes as physiological biomarkers of childhood obesity with the incidence of flatfoot in a cohort of Egyptian school children aged 6 -12 years. METHODS A total of 550 Egyptian schoolchildren (220 boys and 330 girls) aged 6-12 years were randomly invited to participate in this descriptive survey analysis. For all children, we assessed the diagnosis and severity of flatfoot as well as plasma adipocytes, as well as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, IL-6, and TNF-α, using the Dennis method and immunoassay techniques respectively. Foot pain was assessed by using a standard VAS of 100 mm and Faces Pain Scale, respectively. RESULTS Flat foot was predicted in 30.4% of school-age children, most of them showed a higher frequency of overweight (33.3%) and obesity (62.5%). Boys showed higher ranges of flat foot than girls. Foot pain significantly correlated with flat foot and obesity among the studied populations. In overweight-obese children, plasmatic adipocyte variables, as well as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, IL-6, TNF-α showed significant correlations with foot stance, especially in boys. Also, the studied adipocyte variables along with BMI, age, gender explained about~65% of the variance of flatfoot with pain among our school-age students. CONCLUSION Foot pain showed an association with flat foot and childhood obesity in 30.4% of school-age students (6-12 years). Foot pain was shown to correlate positively with the incidence of flat foot and changes in adiposity markers, as well as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, Il-6, TNF-α.

Epidemiology, Predisposing Factors, Biomarkers, and Prevention Mechanism of Obesity: A Systematic Review

“…Obesity also leads to anatomical deformity; a study conducted in Egypt among schoolchildren explicitly shows that the occurrence of flat foot was high among obese children. e presence of flat foot leads to foot pain which is significantly manifested with increased level of adipocyte cytokines, as well as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, Il-6, and TNF-α, compared to subjects with normal BMI [71]. Physical inactiveness like slow waking/decreased velocities [72,73] and mental comorbidities [72] were also other consequences of obesity.…”

Characteristics of the Paediatric Foot Arches According to Body Mass Among Primary School Students in Wrocław, Poland

“…Comparable to our results, other authors [16,21] showed that in children with excessive body mass atter MLA is more prevalent than in their peers with normal body weight. The ndings from a study performed on 550 Egyptian school children showed that obese pupils were 6.1 times more likely to have a at foot and 8.5 times more likely to experience foot pain [22]. Overweight and children with obesity with at foot have a higher level of adipocytes cytokinesis than their peers with normal weight status [22].…”

“…The ndings from a study performed on 550 Egyptian school children showed that obese pupils were 6.1 times more likely to have a at foot and 8.5 times more likely to experience foot pain [22]. Overweight and children with obesity with at foot have a higher level of adipocytes cytokinesis than their peers with normal weight status [22]. Sadeghi-Demneh et al [4] in a group of 667 children aged from 7 to 14 years showed that children with obesity more often than their peers with the normal body weight felt foot pain during participation in physical activity.…”

Is obesity associated with foot structure and the strength of muscles that move the ankle in adult men?

“…Of these, more than 650 million (13%) were categorised as obese [1]. Obesity is a noted public health concern and is linked to several internal medicine diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancers [2,3] and also affects the musculoskeletal system, particularly the foot and ankle [4,5]. For example, a number of studies T A B L E 1.…”