Efficacy and landscape of Covid-19 vaccines: a review article

Azevedo, Thomás Cavalcanti Pires de; Freitas, Pedro Vianna de; Cunha, Pedro Henrique Padilha da; Moreira, Eraldo Abillio Pereira; Rocha, Thiago José Matos; Barbosa, Fabiano Timbó; Sousa‐Rodrigues, Célio Fernando de; Ramos, Fernando Wagner da Silva

doi:10.1590/1806-9282.20210073

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…These various types of vaccines have different safety, efficacy, and production profiles. For example, inactivated vaccines are considered extremely safe, but offer a lower efficacy than vaccines based on viral vectors and nucleic acids [ 4 ]. On the other hand, while viral vectors elicit robust humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, pre-existing immunity to their viral components is a drawback that may reduce the vaccination’s effectiveness [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chimeric Virus-like Particle-Based COVID-19 Vaccine Confers Strong Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Viremia in K18-hACE2 Mice

et al. 2022

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Virus-like particles (VLPs) are highly immunogenic and versatile subunit vaccines composed of multimeric viral proteins that mimic the whole virus but lack genetic material. Due to the lack of infectivity, VLPs are being developed as safe and effective vaccines against various infectious diseases. In this study, we generated a chimeric VLP-based COVID-19 vaccine stably produced by HEK293T cells. The chimeric VLPs contain the influenza virus A matrix (M1) proteins and the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain spike (S) proteins with a deletion of the polybasic furin cleavage motif and a replacement of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail with that of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA). These resulting chimeric S-M1 VLPs, displaying S and M1, were observed to be enveloped particles that are heterogeneous in shape and size. The intramuscular vaccination of BALB/c mice in a prime-boost regimen elicited high titers of S-specific IgG and neutralizing antibodies. After immunization and a challenge with SARS-CoV-2 in K18-hACE2 mice, the S-M1 VLP vaccination resulted in a drastic reduction in viremia, as well as a decreased viral load in the lungs and improved survival rates compared to the control mice. Balanced Th1 and Th2 responses of activated S-specific T-cells were observed. Moderate degrees of inflammation and viral RNA in the lungs and brains were observed in the vaccinated group; however, brain lesion scores were less than in the PBS control. Overall, we demonstrate the immunogenicity of a chimeric VLP-based COVID-19 vaccine which confers strong protection against SARS-CoV-2 viremia in mice.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chimeric Virus-like Particle-Based COVID-19 Vaccine Confers Strong Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Viremia in K18-hACE2 Mice

et al. 2022

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“…(11.0%). Based on Garg et al's study results, more comorbid COVID-19 patients were found in the age group 65 years.…”

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confidence: 94%

“…According to WHO, as of March 2, 2021, there are 76 vaccine candidates in the preclinical trial phase and 182 currently in the clinical trial phase. 11 Several risk factors for COVID-19 are often associated with a poor prognosis, such as advanced age (>65 years), male gender, smoking, and comorbidities. 2,6 Based on the literature review research by Ejaz H et al, the most frequent comorbidities or comorbidities in COVID-19 are hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus (DM), followed by obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), liver disease, heart disease, and stroke and kidney and malignancy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Description of Covid-19 Patients with Comorbidity

Pohan

Gultom

Halim

2022

J. Drug Delivery Ther.

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Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2). At this point, COVID-19 remains the main health issue worldwide, including in Indonesia, with existing risk factors. Comorbidities, smoking, male sex, and the elderly are some of its biggest risk factors. Current data about COVID-19 patients with comorbidities in Indonesia were limited, so this study was made to present more data about the clinical profile of COVID-19 with comorbidities. The descriptive retrospective method was used in this study with secondary data obtained from Christian University of Indonesia General Hospital medical records from January 2020 to December 2020 and aimed to describe the clinical profile of COVID-19 patients with comorbidities. Among 156 samples of COVID-19 patients that were found in this study according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 91 patients (58,3%) had at least one comorbidity. They were distributed based on sex, age group, clinical symptoms, type of comorbidity, and the number of comorbidities in each patient. Based on sex distribution, there were 46 male patients (50,5%) and 45 female patients (49,5%). The most prevalent age group was 50 – 54 years old, with 14 patients (15,4%). Fever with 88 patients (95,9%), cough with 86 patients (93,8%), and dyspnea with 55 patients (60,8%) were the most common clinical symptoms. The most common types of comorbidity were hypertension with 66 patients (72,5%), diabetes mellitus (DM) with 20 patients (22,0%), and obesity with 14 patients (15,4%). There were 58 patients (63,8%) with only one comorbidity and 33 patients (36,3%) with ≥ 2 comorbidities. Prompt identification of comorbidities, public enlightenment about comorbidities with other risk factors of COVID-19, and complying with health protocols are recommended to decrease the proportion of COVID-19 patients with comorbidities. Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Comorbidity.

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“…Evaluating correlates of protection for mix-match vaccine against COVID-19 is also meaningful for setting up the benchmark for those countries facing the issue of delivery. Although many vaccines based on different mechanisms to elicit immune response against COVID-19 have been developed [8] , the delivery and the distribution of vaccines in most countries were more challenging than those of high-income countries like Israel where the administration of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) has been swiftly adopted as a nationwide mass vaccination program since December 2020 immediately after the introduction of mRNA vaccine [9] . While it is true that boosting with an mRNA vaccine might increase effectiveness many countries having supply chain issue to administer a homologous second dose are exactly the same countries whether infrastructure is inadequate to maintain the cold chain needed to ensure that the mRNA vaccines remain effective.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%