Shadow of the Moon and general relativity: Einstein, Dyson, Eddington and the 1919 light deflection

On the Physical Nature of Einstein’s Gravitational Lensing Effect

“…During a total solar eclipse, it is a fact that the apparent light around the Sun observed on the Earth in the early 20th century is related to light effect of particles emitted by distant stars behind the Sun [11]. Similarly, it is also true that the Einstein ring around massive galaxies detected by astronomical instruments in recent decades is also related to the particles emitted by distant objects behind them [28] [29].…”

“…By then, Einstein had completed the creation of general relativity and predicted that the degree of bending light was twice as large as the result of his previous hypothesis. Two sets of British observations came from Sobral in South America and Principe in Africa [11]. The analysis of the observational data is shown like the path of starlight in Figure 1 radiating from the real location of star B.…”

The Legacy of Einstein’s Eclipse, Gravitational Lensing

“…However, in the conclusion of the celebrated paper read at the November 1919 joint meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society and the Royal Society of London, the authors advised "…the observation is of such interest that it will probably be considered desirable to repeat it at future eclipses" [1]. For very detailed narratives of the eclipse expeditions and events that followed see also [36][37][38].…”