2019
DOI: 10.1590/1806-3713/e20180314
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Abstract: Smoking is the leading cause of respiratory disease (RD). The harmful effects of smoking on the respiratory system begin in utero and influence immune responses throughout childhood and adult life. In comparison with “healthy” smokers, smokers with RD have peculiarities that can impede smoking cessation, such as a higher level of nicotine dependence; nicotine withdrawal; higher levels of exhaled carbon monoxide; low motivation and low self-efficacy; greater concern about weight gain; and a high prevalence of a… Show more

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Cited by 11 publications
(7 citation statements)
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References 149 publications
(144 reference statements)
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“…These were applied twice for each athlete, always before each exhaustion test. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) [30] was used to evaluate the psychometric state from Total Humoral Disturbance (THD), the EPWORTH Sleepiness Scale-Brazilian (ESS-BR) [31] was used to evaluate the situations related to the occurrence of daytime sleepiness, and the Stress and Recovery Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-Sport) [32] was used to evaluate the state of stress and recovery from everyday situations that are potentially stressful and restful.…”
Section: Subjective Stress Assessment and Recovery/restmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These were applied twice for each athlete, always before each exhaustion test. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) [30] was used to evaluate the psychometric state from Total Humoral Disturbance (THD), the EPWORTH Sleepiness Scale-Brazilian (ESS-BR) [31] was used to evaluate the situations related to the occurrence of daytime sleepiness, and the Stress and Recovery Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-Sport) [32] was used to evaluate the state of stress and recovery from everyday situations that are potentially stressful and restful.…”
Section: Subjective Stress Assessment and Recovery/restmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Embora muitos avanços tenham ocorrido nos últimos anos, a cessação do tabagismo ainda é o principal fator para tratar e controlar a doença 15,16 . No presente estudo, apesar das altas prevalências de tabagismo, fumantes foram os que menos fizeram algum tipo de tratamento, com diferenças bem marcadas.…”
Section: Discussionunclassified
“…Current smokers had smoked at least 100 cigarettes during their lifetime, never smokers had smoked less than 100 cigarettes or had never smoked regularly, and former smokers had quit smoking for ≥ 1 year at the time of interview. The FTND was used to assess the nicotine dependence degree in Current smokers [26]. The risk of smoking was evaluated between Never smokers and Ever smokers (Current and Former smokers).…”
Section: Smoking Statusmentioning
confidence: 99%