“…Ingerophrynus biporcatus prefer primary forest habitat, but much less in secondary and degraded habitats (Iskandar, 1998;Kurniati, 2013) such as the upstream part of the Code River and some areas downstream, which have more dense riparian vegetation but also more dense household waste. Both toads have parotoid glands on their skin that could protect them from potential predators (e.g., x, y, z) and also microbial infections (Neerati & Yanamala, 2013;Mariano et al, 2019;Wulandari et al, 2013), which are likely to be found on disturbed areas or areas with many household wastes. Phrynoidis asper is commonly found in the upstream area (Subeno, 2018).…”