Different formulations of peracetic acid: effects on smear layer removal, dentine erosion, cytotoxicity and antibiofilm activity

Abstract

Different formulations of peracetic acid: effects on smear layer removal, dentine erosion, cytotoxicity and antibiofilm activityObjective: To assess the effects of different peracetic acid (PAA) formulations on smear layer (SL) removal, dentine erosion, cytotoxicity, and antibiofilm activity. Methodology: SL removal and dentine erosion were assessed using 90 premolars, distributed into six groups, according to final irrigation: PAA formulations (1% Sigma, 1% Bacterend OX, 1% Arposept, and 0.09-0.15% Anioxyde), 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and water (control). Cytotoxicity was assessed by methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium (MTT) and neutral red assays. Antibacterial and antibiofilm effectiveness was evaluated against Enterococcus faecalis. For cytotoxicity and antibiofilm activity assessment, the 2.5% NaOCl was also included. Results: EDTA, Sigma, and Bacterend OX removed more SL than Arposept, Anioxyde, and water (p<0.05). EDTA caused more severe dentine erosion than Sigma and Bacterend OX (p<0.05). Sigma and Bacterend OX had higher cytotoxicity than the other solutions (p<0.05). NaOCl, Bacterend OX, Sigma, and Anioxyde significantly reduced E. faecalis colony-forming units (CFU) (p<0.05). The 2.5% NaOCl solution promoted greater biofilm biomass reduction (p<0.05) than the other solutions. All PAA formulations promoted greater biomass reduction than 17% EDTA (p<0.05). Conclusions: Although Sigma and Bacterend OX had higher cytotoxicity, they had a SL removal capability similar to that of EDTA, were as effective as NaOCl against E. faecalis biofilm, and promoted less dentine erosion than EDTA. Arposept and Anioxyde failed to remove the SL, had lower cytotoxicity, and showed less bacterial activity than NaOCl.

The Effect of Different Compositions and Concentrations of Etidronate-Containing Irrigants on the Antibacterial Activity of Sodium Hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans

“…First, a chemical reaction occurring in a mixture of these solutions results in the loss of the antimicrobial and tissue-dissolving properties of SH due to the loss of free available chlorine [ 11 , 22 , 23 ]. Second, EDTA decreases dentin flexural strength and denatures collagen fibres [ 24 , 25 ], decreasing the adhesion of obturating material to the root canal walls [ 22 , 26 , 27 ]. Similar effects have been demonstrated by citric [ 28 ] and maleic [ 29 ] acids when combined with SH.…”

Research methods assessing sodium hypochlorite cytotoxicity: A scoping review

“…The text results are shown in Table 1 . The methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium (MTT) assay, a tetrazolium salt-based colorimetric test, was the test most commonly used to assess cytotoxicity (55.1 % of the papers) [ [15] , [16] , [17] , 23 ], [ [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] ], [ [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] , [49] , [50] , [51] , [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] , [64] , [65] , [66] , [67] , [68] ]. This assay measures cell viability based on the reduction of tetrazolium salt to water-insoluble formazan crystals by dehydrogenases of mitochondria of living cells [ 69 ].…”

“…Other tetrazolium salt-based tests, such as XTT, MTS or WST-1, have also been used to assess the cytotoxic effects of diverse substances (19.1 % of the papers) [ 24 , [70] , [71] , [72] , [73] , [74] , [75] , [76] , [77] , [78] , [79] , [80] , [81] , [82] , [83] , [84] , [85] ]. The neutral red (NR) uptake assay, used in 9.0 % of the papers [ 16 , 17 , 25 , 27 , 29 , 42 , 67 , 86 ], uses a dye to measure cell viability based on how well viable cells can retain it in their lysosomes [ 87 ]. The sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, used in 4.5 % of the papers [ [88] , [89] , [90] , [91] ], is based on measuring cellular protein content [ 92 ].…”

“…Most of the papers assessing NaOCl cytotoxicity were conducted with permanent L929 fibroblasts ( Table 2 ). Specific primary cell cultures from human dental pulp [ 47 , 54 , 81 , 82 ], apical papilla [ 22 , 49 , 75 , 90 , 91 , 98 ], osteoblasts [ 25 , 76 , 79 , 108 ], periodontal ligament [ 16 , 22 , 38 , 42 , 43 , 50 , 65 , 71 , 72 , 75 , 78 , 80 , 81 , 98 ], gingiva [ 78 , 81 , 83 , 100 , 105 ], or exfoliated deciduous teeth [ 60 ] have also been used. Other sources of primary cultures, such as tooth germs, skin fibroblasts, dermal fibroblasts, keratinocytes, epithelial cells, umbilical vein endothelial cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, pulmonary fibroblasts, etc., are further alternatives [ 24 , 26 , 44 , 45 , 66 , 67 , 77 , 84 , 86 , 91 , 95 , 103 , 106 , 108 ].…”

“…Nonetheless, EI dilutions in buffered solutions could lead to non-reliable results. Some studies have been conducted with saline (5.6 % of the papers) [ [15] , [16] , [17] , 29 , 42 ], which does not contain buffering substances, in order to offset the culture medium/PBS disadvantage ( Table 3 ). For example, NaOCl and CHX at similar concentrations have comparatively divergent cytotoxic effects, according to whether they are diluted in saline or culture medium [ 17 , 22 ].…”