Correlation of salivary immunoglobulin A with Body Mass Index and fat percentage in overweight/obese children

Abstract

Obesity is considered a risk factor for periodontal health due to the low- grade inflammation promoted by the increased adipose tissue. Objective: This study aimed to determine correlations and associations between gingival inflammation (Simplified Oral Hygiene Index, and Gingival Index), salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA), and salivary parameters (salivary flow and osmolality) in normal-weight and overweight/obese children. Material and Methods: Ninety-one children, aged 6 to 12 years old (8.6±1.9 years), were divided into two groups according to their body mass index (BMI), circumferences, skinfold measurements and body fat percentage: normal- weight group (NWG; n =50) and overweight/obese group (OG; n =41). A calibrated examiner performed the clinical examination using the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index, Gingival Index, and salivary collection. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and association tests ( p <0.05). Results: OG presented statistically higher s-IgA values compared with NWG, especially among the obese children ( p <0.05). Significant positive correlations between s-IgA and salivary osmolality in OG ( p <0.05), and between s-IgA and BMI values ( p <0.05) and body fat percentage ( p <0.05) were observed among all the children. Effect size varied from moderate for s-IgA values ( d =0.57) to large for BMI ( d =2.60). Conclusion: Gingival inflammation and salivary parameters were similar for NWG and OG; however, s-IgA presented higher values in OG, with correlations between BMI and body fat percentage.

Overweight/obese children are associated with lower caries experience than normal‐weight children/adolescents

“…Pandey et al observed that immunoglobulin A (IgA‐s), which binds to different molecular components and interferes with microbial adhesion, is predominant in saliva and is an important part in caries prevention process. A previous study showed that overweight/obese children have higher levels of saliva IgA‐s . Given the above, it is reasonable to infer that OW children have fewer chances to develop dental caries because their saliva contains higher levels of IgA‐s.…”

Salivary and gingival crevicular fluid biomarkers of periodontal health and/or obesity among children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…The review included 12 cross-sectional studies [ [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] ] and three prospective cohort studies [ [40] , [41] , [42] ]. The included studies were conducted in 10 countries: Brazil [ 33 , 36 , 40 ], Sweden [ 32 , 34 , 38 ], the United States [ 30 , 35 ], Canada [ 31 ], China [ 39 ], Kuwait [ 42 ], Poland [ 37 ], Saudi Arabia [ 28 ], Switzerland [ 41 ], and Turkey [ 29 ]. Except for two studies that did not provide information on the sex of the participants [ 28 , 39 ], all remaining studies included children and adolescents of both sexes.…”

Analysis of ghrelin, leptin, and interleukin-6 salivary concentration among children aged 7–10 years and its relationship with nutritional status and some anthropometric data

“…There were also significantly higher salivary concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, insulin, and MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) in these patients. The leptin concentration was also directly proportional to the insulin concentration [39]. Furthermore Perez et al demonstrated that the concentration of salivary IgA (s-IgA) is significantly higher in the group of overweight and obese children than in the group of normal weight children, reaching the highest concentration among obese children (p < 0.05) having body fat content expressed as percentage of total body composition (p < 0.05) [40].…”

“…There were also significantly higher salivary concentrations of IL-6, TNF-a, insulin, and MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) in these patients. The leptin concentration was also directly proportional to the insulin concentration [ 39 ]. Furthermore Perez et al .…”