Biotic Contamination and Possible Ways of Sterilization: A Review with Reference to Bamboo Micropropagation.

Abstract

Multipurpose use of bamboo in rural life makes it as poor man's timber in Asian countries. Deforestation and industrialization leads to destruction of natural forest. To replenish, a rapid plantation of bamboo could be one of the possible solutions. Bamboo is propagated mainly by vegetative methods though it is not suitable for large scale plantation because of several limitations. Micropropagation is gaining importance for large scale propagation because of its capability in raising huge number of true to type propagules in a limited space in very short span of time. Like any other plant, the chief constraint of bamboo micropropagtion is in vitro contamination arises from several sources including explants. Most of the contaminants are reduced by maintaining aseptic conditions. The surface adhering microbial contaminant (Epiphytic) is usually checked by using several available surface sterilants. But the endophytic contaminant (present within the explants) is not easily controlled. Endophytic fungus could be controlled by using systemic fungicides but controlling bacteria is again more troublesome. Antibiotic with broad spectrum activity coupled with low phytotoxicity is prerequisite to get better results. Treatment duration and type of antibiotic are the critical factor to reduce the contamination. But unscientific use of antibiotic may lead to the development of resistant microbial strains. That is why antibiotic selection after identification of the contaminants may be an efficient way to counter this problem. The present review is done on use of antibiotic controlling bacterial contamination during micropropagation special reference to bamboo.

Control of contaminants in the in vitro establishment of Guadua latifolia

“…Pasqualini et al (2019) reported similar results for Bambusa oldhamii, using the same concentration of the biocide. For the Guadua genus, PPM™ was used as a disinfection method on the micropropagation of G. angustifolia (Jiménez et al 2006), representing a low use, when compared with other more aggressive bamboo surface sterilizing agents, such as mercuric chloride (Ray & Ali 2016, Sandhu et al 2018, antibiotics, fungicides and other chemical substances, including bavistin, streptomycin, tetracycline, benomyl, agrimycin and cercobin (Jiménez et al 2006, Khan et al 2014.…”

Assessing the Efficacy of Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics in Controlling Bacterial Contamination in the In Vitro Micropropagation of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc)

“…[37]. It causes big loss to tissue culture and micropropagation companies by affecting the efficiency of propagation and the quality of the outputs [38][39][40]. is is because customary cultural and management practices are not always sufficient to control microbial contamination of tissue culture facilities and in vitro cultures [17].…”

Short Communication: Comparing the growth of stem explants between Citrus reticulata var. Tawangmangu and C. reticulata var. Garut using in vitro culture methods

“…The contamination is caused by both exogenous and endogenous microbes (Leelavathy and Sankar 2016). Ray and Ali (2017) suggested that contamination can be caused by the explants themselves. Most contaminants can be treated by maintaining aseptic conditions.…”