Eugenol as an efficient anesthetic for neotropical fish Prochilodus nigricans (Teleostei, Prochilodontidae)

Viegas, R.M.; França, Caroline Lopes; Castro, J.S.; Castro, João J.; Santana, Thiago Campos de; Costa-Lima, M.P.G.; Neta, Raimunda Nonata Fortes Carvalho; Carreiro, Carlos Riedel Porto; Teixeira, Erivânia Gomes

doi:10.1590/1678-4162-11866

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…A study reported by Zahran et al ( 5 ) confirmed that eugenol had an excellent anesthetic effect and no significant influence on liver function enzymes and superoxide dismutase in Nile tilapia ( 5 ). Viegas et al ( 6 ) found that 50 mg/L of eugenol had an effective anesthetic effect on neotropical fish and no gill damage was observed, which benefits the good health and fast recovery of the fish.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The pharmacokinetic and residue depletion study of eugenol in carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Jiao

Yang

et al. 2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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IntroductionThe pharmacokinetic profile and residue depletion of eugenol in carp (Cyprinus carpio) tissues and plasma were performed by a convenient and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.MethodsThe eugenol in carp tissues and plasma was extracted with a mixed solution of acetonitrile and methanol. N-hexane was used to remove lipid impurities. The method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic and residue elimination of eugenol in carp after the carp was administered a medicated bath.ResultsThe average recoveries of eugenol in tissues and plasma fortified with four concentration levels were 69.0–106.6% and 80.0–86.7%, respectively. The relative standard deviations were < 8.9%. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.01 μg/g in tissue and 0.008 μg/ml in plasma, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameter of Cmax for eugenol in plasma at the concentrations of 20, 35, and 75 mg/L were 10.86, 17.21, and 37.32 mg/L, respectively. The t1/2 values were 3.68, 4.22, and 9.31 h. After the investigation of the anesthetic effect, 35 mg/L of eugenol was the optimal concentration for anesthesia. The highest accumulation concentration of eugenol in carp is in the liver and the lowest is in the muscle. In addition, the eugenol in tissue was eliminated rapidly and at a lower level than the LOD at 48 h. According to the residue elimination, the withdrawal time of eugenol was suggested at 5.2 days.DiscussionThese results indicate that the developed method had good linearity and accuracy, and is sensitive enough for the monitoring of eugenol residue in carp. The half-life of eugenol decreased with the increase in drug concentration and the eugenol was eliminated rapidly in carp tissues. 35 mg/L eugenol was recommended as an anesthetic in carp due to its favorable anesthetic effect and no mortality. This study will contribute to the establishment of MRL regulation and setting a withdrawal period.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The pharmacokinetic and residue depletion study of eugenol in carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Jiao

Yang

et al. 2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…and jaraquis (Brazil); yaraqui (Peru); coliamarillo (Colombia) ( Semaprochilodus spp.) (Barros et al, 2021; Barthem et al, 2019; García Dávila et al, 2018; Viegas et al, 2020; Zacardi et al, 2017). In the Brazilian Amazon, eight species and two genera of Prochilodontidae are described: Prochilodus nigricans Spix & Agassiz 1829; Prochilodus britskii Castro 1993; Prochilodus mariae Eigenmann, 1922; Prochilodus rubrotaeniatus jardine 1841; Semaprochilodus insignis (Jardine 1841); Semaprochilodus taeniurus (Valenciennes 1821); Semaprochilodus brama (Valenciennes 1850) and Semaprochilodus kneri (Pellegrin 1909) (Dagosta & Pinna, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Early development ofProchilodus nigricansSpix & Agassiz 1829 (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) in captivity

Silva

Cajado

Oliveira

et al. 2022

Aquaculture Research

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The initial ontogeny of black prochilodus (Prochilodus nigricans Spix & Agassiz 1829) was described through morphological, meristic and morphometric characters. The biological material used was from captivity. 41 eggs, 151 larvae and 10 juveniles were analysed. The eggs were spherical, transparent, nonadhesive and pelagic, with a wide perivitelline space and an average diameter of 2.62 mm. Hatching occurs between 17 and 18 h after fertilization. The standard length of larvae varied from 3.28 to 26.73 mm and that of juveniles from 28.99 to 42.90 mm. The larvae showed an elongated and fusiform body, a convex dorsal profile, a long intestine, extending beyond the median region of the body, a terminal mouth and fleshy lips. The complete sequence of fin rays formation was caudal, dorsal (I,11), anal (I,11), pelvic (9) and pectoral (I,16–17). The number of myomeres ranged from 44 to 46, with mode 45 (n = 122). Growth analyses indicated early and late developmental metamorphosis. P. nigricans presents embryonic and larval development characteristic of fish with telolecithal eggs, in which the newly hatched larva does not yet have all the organic systems fully formed, is limited to a few organs and is still dependent on the yolk for its nutrition.

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“…Eugenol is a widely used fish anesthetic. It has been reported to have a high efficacy in fish, crustaceans, and other aquatic species [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. During handling and transport, eugenol can reduce the stress of fish, decrease the physical injury or mortality of live individuals, and facilitate the operations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Water Temperature on the Depletion of Eugenol in Sea Bass under the Simulated Settings in Handling and Transport

Liu

Huang

et al. 2021

Applied Sciences

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The edible safety of eugenol-treated fish is one of the concerns limiting the anesthetic applied in the aquaculture industry. The depletion of eugenol was investigated at different water temperatures under the simulated settings of sea bass handling and transport. Sea bass was exposed to eugenol at a concentration of 60 mg/L for 3 min, then immediately transferred to clean water to be purged for 24 h and sampled at different time intervals. The left fish were re-exposed to eugenol in a repeat of the first exposure, purged for 48 h in clean water, and sampled for eugenol detection. Under the simulated settings, the sea bass could accumulate more eugenol residue in fillet when exposed to water at a temperature of 20 °C than that at 13 °C. However, eugenol could be depleted much faster when the sea basses were exposed to the higher water temperature. The half-lives of eugenol in sea bass were 0.28 h and 0.29 h for the first and second purging stage at a water temperature of 20 °C, while at 13 °C, the half-lives were 2 and 4.5 h, respectively. Therefore, increasing the water temperature may be an effective way to accelerate eugenol depletion in fish fillet and reduce exposure risk for the consumer.

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Eugenol as an efficient anesthetic for neotropical fish Prochilodus nigricans (Teleostei, Prochilodontidae)

Cited by 4 publications

References 15 publications

The pharmacokinetic and residue depletion study of eugenol in carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The pharmacokinetic and residue depletion study of eugenol in carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Early development ofProchilodus nigricansSpix & Agassiz 1829 (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) in captivity

Effect of Water Temperature on the Depletion of Eugenol in Sea Bass under the Simulated Settings in Handling and Transport

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