Bioactive metabolites in of Ginkgo biloba leaves: variations by seasonal, meteorological and soil

Abstract

Ginkgo biloba is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine containing multiple components that contribute to its notable bioactivities. Variations of seasonal, meteorological and planting soil on the phytochemicals contents in G. biloba leaves due to the effects of growth meteorological and soil parameters were investigated in this study. The leaves of G. biloba were collected from different months and place in Zhejiang province, the contents of flavones (quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin) and terpene lactones (bilobalide, ginkgolides A, B and C) were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) method. The established methods were validated with good linearity, precision, repeatability, stability, and recovery. Comprehensive analysis suggested the proper harvest time for G. biloba was in October of Zhejiang province. The result of correlation analysis with meteorological factors shows that the temperature and precipitation have non-significant effect on the main components of G. biloba. In addition, the type and content (Mn and Zn) of the soil showed significantly effect on the content of flavonoids and terpene lactones. This study enriched the knowledge on the development and utilization value of the G. biloba leaves and was useful for determining the optimal harvest time and growing condition.

Effect of Methyl Jasmonate on the Terpene Trilactones, Flavonoids, and Phenolic Acids in Ginkgo biloba L. Leaves: Relevance to Leaf Senescence

“…It is likely that both the complex chemical structure and the biosynthetic pathway of TTLs result in a much slower response to JA-Me than to phenolic acids. The differences between the phenolic composition of G. biloba leaves in our study and previously published ones may also be due to the fact that several environmental factors modify the accumulation of secondary metabolites in plants [ 15 , 62 ].…”

“…The application of GA significantly increased the TTL content, and the endogenous GA levels reduced in the leaves, while the IAA and ABA contents varied. In contrast, Lin et al [ 15 ] found, by studying the dynamics of changes in the contents of total TTLs and flavonoids, that October is the optimal time to harvest G. biloba leaves. An analysis of gene expression related to leaf senescence in G. biloba showed that the expression levels of most ABA- and JA-related genes increases, whereas genes related to the cytoskeleton, photosynthesis, and antioxidant biosynthesis decreases from the green leaf stage to the yellow leaf stage [ 49 ].…”

“…The leaves of G. biloba contain numerous phenolic acids, such as caffeic acid, p -coumaric acid, ferulic acid, protocatechuic acid, p -hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, and chlorogenic acid [ 10 , 11 ]. The composition of terpene trilactones in G. biloba leaves has been shown to be dependent on the harvest date, growing location [ 12 , 13 , 14 ], and certain stresses [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Inoue et al [ 19 ] reported that contents of ginkgolides A, B, and C in green leaves collected in August were much higher than those in fallen yellow leaves collected in November.…”

Endophytic Bacterial Communities of Ginkgo biloba Leaves During Leaf Developmental Period

“…According to our results, the content of three flavonol glycosides rapidly changed along with leaf developmental stages. Previous studies showed that the synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites in Ginkgo were a temporal variational process ( Lin et al, 2020 ; Wang et al, 2020 ; Tetali et al, 2021 ). This temporal variational process may be related to the growth differentiation balance (GDB) of plants ( Herms, 1999 ; Karasov et al, 2017 ).…”

Antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and phytochemical prospection of Eugenia involucrata DC. leaf extracts

“…The synthesis of these metabolites is directly influenced by external factors such as soil conditions, temperature and water availability. Therefore, the environmental conditions in which the plant is found will determine the bioactive potential and the phytochemical profile that will be found in the extract (Lin et al, 2020).…”