Chronic effects of nitrogenous compounds on survival and growth of juvenile pink shrimp

Abstract

In response to growing worldwide market demand, intensive shrimp farming, based on high feed, has developed over the past decade. The nitrogenous compounds mainly generated by animal excretion can cause deterioration of water quality and produce chronic or even acute toxicity to aquatic animals. As prevention, theoretical safety levels have been estimated from acute toxicity tests and they are traditionally used to prevent toxic effects on biota. However, are those concentrations of nitrogenous compounds really safe to Farfantepenaeus paulensis? The current study aimed to investigate the lethal and sublethal effects of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate to juvenile F. paulensis based on safety levels. Each experiment was performed independently in 100 L tanks for 30 days. The survival rates and wet weight of all shrimps were recorded every 10 days. The concentrations tested for ammonia, nitrite and nitrate were respectively: Keywords: ammonia, aquaculture, nitrate, nitrite, water quality. Efeito crônico de compostos nitrogenados sobre a sobrevivência e crescimento de juvenis de camarão rosa ResumoEm resposta à crescente demanda do mercado mundial, a carcinicultura intensiva tem se desenvolvido ao longo da última década. Os compostos nitrogenados gerados principalmente pela excreção dos animais podem causar a deterioração da qualidade da água e produzir toxicidade crônica ou mesmo aguda para os animais cultivados. Como prevenção, os níveis de segurança teóricos são estimados a partir de testes de toxicidade aguda e são tradicionalmente usados para evitar efeitos tóxicos sobre a biota. No entanto, as estimativas das concentrações dos compostos nitrogenados são realmente seguras para Farfantepenaeus paulensis? O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos letais e subletais da amônia, nitrito e nitrato em juvenis de camarão marinho F. paulensis com base em níveis de segurança. Cada experimento foi realizado de forma independente em tanques com capacidade de 100 L durante 30 dias. As taxas de sobrevivência e peso úmido de todos os camarões foram registrados a cada 10 dias. As concentrações testadas para amônia, nitrito e nitrato foram respectivamente: "T 1/4 ", um quarto do nível de segurança (0,91 mg/L N-AT, 2,55 mg/L de N-NO 2 -e 80,7 mg/L N-NO 3 -); "T SL ", nível de segurança (3,65 mg/L N-AT, 10,2 mg/L de N-NO 2 -e 323 mg/L N-NO 3 -); e "T 2X ", duas vezes o nível de segurança (7,30 mg/L N-AT, 20,4 mg/L de N-NO 2 -e 646 mg/L de N-NO 3 -). Para a criação de F. paulensis, o nível de segurança real para nitrito foi estimado em 2,55 mg/L N-NO 2 -. Para amônia e nitrato, concentrações recomendadas foram: <0,91 mg/L N-AT correspondente a 0,045 mg/L N-NH 3 e <80,7 mg/L N-NO 3 -, respectivamente.Palavras-chave: amônia, aquicultura, nitrato, nitrito, qualidade da água.

Zootechnical performance and interaction between Penaeus schmitti Burkenroad, 1936 and Penaeus vannamei Boone, 1931 reared under laboratory conditions

“…For example, in the tanks with Penaeus vannamei, which contained up to 10 individuals of 10.7 g average weight, receiving 6.2 g of food per day, it was observed pH decrease if compared with the fasting treatment water completely clear (in the absence of food and almost also of wastes), where pH was significantly more alkaline (8.06), although within the normal range for cultivation. Nitrite reached 0.56 mg L -1 N-NO2in the mixed fasting treatment, but this concentration is much lower than what considered unsafe for the cultivation of another species of penaeid, F. paulensis, of 2.55 mg L -1 NO2 - (Wasielesky et al, 2017). However, the fact that this treatment lasted much less time (38 days to the harvest of the last tank) than the other five treatments (60 days), evidently also affected this comparison.…”

The role of açaí ( Euterpe oleracea Mart. 1824) as a chemoprotective agent in the evaluation of antioxidant defence, oxidative damage and histology of juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (BOONE, 1931) exposed to ammonia

“…Through the improvement of aquaculture techniques, cultivation conditions have intensified by increasing the production of this crustacean. However, one of the limiting factors for their production is the generation and accumulation of nitrogenous residues, mainly ammonia, originated from animal excretion, degradation of food residues and decomposition of organic debris in culture systems (Jia et al, 2015;Romano & Zeng, 2013;Wasielesky, Poersch, Martins, & Miranda-Filho, 2017).…”

“…High concentrations of ammonia tend to accumulate in body fluids of aquatic organisms, including shrimp (Liang et al, 2016), causing sublethal or lethal toxic effects. Among these, osmoregulatory disorders (Romano & Zeng, 2013), increased oxygen consumption (Barbieri, 2010), decreased growth rates and increased mortality (Campos, Furtado, D'incao, Poersch, & Wasielesky, 2015;Wasielesky et al, 2017), Krebs cycle suppression and decoupling of oxidative phosphorylation (Ding et al, 2017), changes and histological lesions (Dutra et al, 2017), decreased antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress (Jia et al, 2015) have been reported.…”

Construction of a High-Density Genetic Map and Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci for Nitrite Tolerance in the Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

“…As a result, nitrite causes a decrease in the oxygen affinity of the shrimp hemolymph, eliminating its normal oxygen carrying capacity, and eventually resulting in asphyxiation (Jiann-Chu and . Indeed, it has been reported that nitrite has serious deleterious effects on shrimp growth (Wasielesky et al, 2017), immunity (Tseng and Chen, 2004), and survival (Wasielesky et al, 2017;Valencia-Castaneda et al, 2018. Therefore, low aquatic nitrite concentrations must be maintained for successful shrimp farming.…”