Intermittent hypoxia, brain glyoxalase-1 and glutathione reductase-1, and anxiety-like behavior in mice

Abstract

The lack of a clear anxiety response as an outcome of intermittent hypoxia exposure suggests the existence of additional layers in the anxiety mechanism in sleep apnea, possibly represented by sleepiness and irreversible neuronal damage.

Explicit memory, anxiety and depressive like behavior in mice exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia, sleep fragmentation, or both during the daylight period

“…The reduced duration in the time spent in open arm in IH-exposed mice would certainly seem to indicate an increase of anxiety ( Abdel-Wahab and Abdel-Wahab, 2016 ; Fan et al, 2021 ; Nair et al, 2011b ; Yuan et al, 2015 ). However, it seems that this effect is dependent on the time of exposure to IH, studies with a short exposure to IH (one week and less) have shown an anxiolytic effect ( Carissimi et al, 2018 ; Perry et al, 2008 ; Zhu et al, 2010 ) while longer exposures (10 days and longer) induced anxiety in mice ( Abdel-Wahab and Abdel-Wahab, 2016 ; Fan et al, 2021 ; Yuan et al, 2015 ). Also, a long IH exposure can induce excessive sleepiness and restricted sleep in rodent models while such may not be the case during short exposures ( Carissimi et al, 2018 ; Kaushal et al, 2012b ; Veasey et al, 2004 ).…”

“…However due to the polyphasic architecture of mouse sleep, mice are also exposed to IH during the daylight, which differs from OSA in humans. Moreover, we allocated only one single time point for each of the exposures, and since behavioral changes appear to exhibit duration dependencies additional time points would have been interesting to pursue ( Baitharu et al, 2013 ; Carissimi et al, 2018 ). Expansion of such exposures to include several early and long-term durations would result in the need for a very large number of mice which would be extremely difficult to handle and assess concurrently.…”

Age-related changes in motor cortex architecture and accompanying their changes in the content of inflammatory, oxidative, and metabolism markers in the primary cortex of SHR rats as a model of ADHD

“…The discrepancies may be attributed to the differences in the used method and to tissue speci city 158 . For GSR, it is only known that the level of this enzyme might increase in response to oxidative stress induced by hypoxia which was previously observed in the cerebral cortex of rodents 159 . It is worth noting that some previous studies also demonstrated a relationship between elevated GSR levels and oxidative stress caused by hypertension in SHRs 160 .…”

Repeated episodes of transient reduction of oxygen exposure simulating aircraft cabin conditions enhance resilience to stress in mice

“…In addition, 'OSA mice' showed reduced risk-taking behaviour in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and increased depressive-like behaviour in the forced swim test (Nair et al, 2018). However, different results were obtained by Carissimi et al (2018), who reported less anxiety behaviour associated with a higher expression of cortical glutathione reductase-1 in mice exposed for 7 days to intermittent hypoxia mimicking OSA. The effect of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia on brain function critically depends on the duration and frequency of exposure, as shown by studies performed in rodent models of apnoea of prematurity in which severe hypoxia (e.g., 60 events/h for 2-3 weeks) causes neuronal death, defective myelination, sensorymotor deficits and memory impairment (Cai et al, 2012;Decker et al, 2003Decker et al, , 2005Gozal, Row, et al, 2001;Juliano et al, 2015;Kheirandish et al, 2005;Row et al, 2002).…”