Chondroitin sulfate from fish waste exhibits strong intracellular antioxidant potential

Abstract

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a type of glycosaminoglycan described as an antioxidant molecule that has been found in animal species such as fish. Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) represents an eco-friendly source of this compound, since its economical processing generates usable waste, reducing the negative environmental impact. This waste was used for CS extraction, purification, characterization by enzymatic degradation, and evaluation of its antioxidant effect. CS obtained from tilapia presented sulfation mainly at carbon 4 of galactosamine, and it was not cytotoxic at concentrations up to 200 mg/mL. Furthermore, 100 mg/mL of CS from tilapia reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species to 47% of the total intracellular reactive oxygen species level. The ability of CS to chelate metal ions in vitro also suggested an ability to react with other pathways that generate oxidative radicals, such as the Haber-Weiss reaction, acting intracellularly in more than one way. Although the role of CS from tilapia remains unclear, the pharmacological effects described herein indicate that CS is a potential molecule for further study of the relationship between the structures and functions of chondroitin sulfates as antioxidants.

Tilapia-Head Chondroitin Sulfate Protects against Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease via Modulating the Gut–Liver Axis in High-Fat-Diet-Fed C57BL/6 Mice

“…In tilapia processing, many byproducts, such as fish heads, skin and bone are usually discarded and unused, which has caused enormous environmental problems. However, tilapia heads are rich in CS and may be developed and utilized as raw materials for aquatic health food [ 16 ]. Moreover, the effect and mechanism of tilapia-head chondroitin sulfate (TH-CS) on NAFLD are still unclear.…”

Chondroitin Sulfate from Oreochromis niloticus Waste Reduces Leukocyte Influx in an Acute Peritonitis Model

“…The compounds obtained in F3.0M were represented by a metachromatic band with electrophoretic migration, similar to the glycosaminoglycans used as the standard ( Figure 2 A). The extraction procedure used in this study was similar to that previously described to obtain heparin-like compounds [ 8 , 21 , 22 ] because different glycosaminoglycans may be obtained with this process.…”

“…The sample was eluted with increasing NaCl molarities of 0.5, 0.8, and 1.0 M, respectively. The eluate was placed at refrigeration to 18 °C and subjected to monitoring of uronic acid dosage for the colorimetric reaction with carbazole, using D-glucuronic acid as standard [ 8 ].…”

“…GAGs chains form part of the proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix and are responsible for much of their activity because of their potential to selectively bind many proteins and pathogens, acting in many disease processes [ 7 ]. GAGs extracted from marine animals, such as chondroitin sulfate (CS), can play a significant role in biological processes; they have antioxidant [ 8 ], antiproliferative [ 9 ], and anti-inflammatory [ 10 ] effects and play a role in the treatment of osteoarthritis [ 11 ]. Figure 1 shows some of the intracellular mechanisms of action of CS in carrying out the aforementioned activities.…”

Recent advances in biopolymer-based hemostatic materials

“…It is present in various structural proteoglycans in multiple tissues, including skin, cartilage, tendons, heart valves and the central nervous system. CS is a biodegradable, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, anticoagulant and anti-thrombogenic anionic heteropolysaccharide [ 102 ]. CS has several critical functions, including resistance to compression forces and activation of crucial pathways involved in vascular healing.…”